There is a small, but growing, literature across various disciplines on tipping. In this study, 260 people completed four new, short questionnaires about tipping. The first part looked at personal attitudes to, and behaviours concerning, tipping, and showed that people believe they tip much like others but that the whole process can cause embarrassment. In the second part, they rated eleven statements about tipping, while in the next two parts they reported their frequency of tipping seven groups of workers (e.g., hairdressers, taxi-drivers) and how much they gave. As predicted, they said they tipped most frequently to waiters and least to hotel doormen. They claimed to tip around 15% - 20% of the bill. Education and age, both linked to income, were most related to tipping beliefs and behaviours. Implications and limitations are discussed.
References
[1]
Aydin, A. E., & Acun, Y. (2019). An Investigation of Tipping Behavior as a Major Component in Service Economy: The Case of Taxi Tipping. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 78, 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2018.12.011
[2]
Azar, O. (2005). Who Do We Tip and Why? Applied Economics, 37, 1871-1879. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500119018
[3]
Azar, O. (2020). The Economics of Tipping. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34, 215-236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.2.215
[4]
Furnham, A. (1984). Many Sides of the Coin: The Psychology of Money Usage. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 501-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(84)90025-4
[5]
Furnham, A. (1996). Attitudinal Correlates and Demographic Predictors of Monetary Beliefs and Behaviours. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 17, 375-388. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199607)17:4<375::AID-JOB767>3.0.CO;2-8
[6]
Furnham, A. (2014). The New Psychology of Money. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203506011
[7]
Furnham, A., & Grover, S. (2020). A New Money Behaviour Quiz. Journal of Individual Differences, 41, 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000299
[8]
Furnham, A., & Grover, S. (2021). Money Psychology: Beliefs and Behaviours about Investing, Saving and Spending. In J. Grable, & S. Chatterjee (Eds.), Handbook of Personal Finance. London: De Gruyter.
[9]
Furnham, A., & Horne, G. (2021). A Measure of Money Madness. Paper under Review.
[10]
Furnham, A., & Murphy, T.-A. (2019). Money Types, Money Beliefs and Financial Worries: An Australian Study. Australian Journal of Psychology, 71, 193-199. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12219
[11]
Furnham, A., von Stumm, S., & Fenton-O’Creevy, M. (2014a). Sex Differences in Money Pathology in the General Population. Social Indicators Research, 123, 701-713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0756-x
[12]
Furnham, A., von Stumm, S., & Milner, R. (2014b). Moneygrams: Recalled Childhood Memories about Money and Adult Money Pathology. Journal of Financial Therapy, 5, 40-54. https://doi.org/10.4148/1944-9771.1059
[13]
Furnham, A., Wilson, E., & Telford, K. (2012). The Meaning of Money: The Validation of a Short Money-Types Measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 707-711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.020
[14]
Gössling, S., Fernandez, S., Martin-Rios, C., Pasamar Reyes, S., Fointiat, V., Isaac, R., & Lunde, M. (2020). Restaurant Tipping in Europe: A Comparative Assessment. Current Issues in Tourism, 24, 811-823. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1749244
[15]
Guéguen, N. (2002). The Effects of a Joke on Tipping When It Is Delivered at the Same Time as the Bill. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 1955-1963. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00266.x
[16]
Harris, M. (1995). Waiters, Customers and Service: Some Tips about Tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 725-744. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01771.x
[17]
Karabas, I., & Joireman, J. (2020). The Role of Blocked Gratitude in Non-Voluntary Tipping. Journal of Services Marketing, 34, 983-997. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-03-2020-0082
[18]
Karabas, I., Orlowski, M., & Lefebvre, S. (2020). What Am I Tipping You for? Customer Response to Tipping at Limited Service Restaurants. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32, 2007-2026. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2019-0981
[19]
Lynn, M. (2008). Personality Effects on Tipping Attitudes, Self-Reported Behaviours and Customs: A Multi-Level Inquiry. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 989-999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.025
[20]
Lynn, M. (2015a). Service Gratuities and Tipping: A Motivational Framework. Journal of Economic Psychology, 46, 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2014.12.002
[21]
Lynn, M. (2015b). Explanations of Service Gratuities and Tipping: Evidence from Individual Differences in Tipping Motivations and Tendencies. Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics, 55, 65-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2015.01.002
[22]
Lynn, M. (2018). How Motivations for Tipping Vary with Occupational Differences in Descriptive Tipping Norms. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 77, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2018.09.003
[23]
Lynn, M. (2021). Effects of the Big Five Personality Traits on Tipping Attitudes, Motives, and Behaviors. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, Article ID: 102722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102722
[24]
Lynn, M., & Grassman, A. (1990). Restaurant Tipping: An Examination of Three “Rational” Explanations. Journal of Economic Psychology, 11, 169-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(90)90002-Q
[25]
Lynn, M., & Latane, B. (1984). The Psychology of Restaurant Tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 14, 551-563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1984.tb02259.x
[26]
Lynn, M., Jabbour, P., & Kim, W. G. (2012). Who Uses Tips as a Reward for Service and When? Journal of Economic Psychology, 33, 90-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.09.009
[27]
Rind, B., & Bordia, P. (1995). Effect of Server’s “Thank You” and Personalization on Restaurant Tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 745-751. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01772.x
[28]
Saunders, S., & Lynn, M. (2010). Why Tip? An Empirical Test of Motivations for Tipping Car Guards. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31, 106-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2009.11.007
[29]
Shamir, B. (1983). A Note on Tipping and Employee Perceptions and Attitudes. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 56, 255-259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1983.tb00132.x
[30]
Shamir, B. (1984). Between Gratitude and Gratuity: An Analysis of Tipping. Annals of Tourism Research, 11, 59-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(84)90096-3
[31]
Strohmetz, D., Rind, B., Fisher, R., & Lynn, M. (2002). Sweetening the Till: The Use of Candy to Increase Restaurant Tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 300-309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00216.x
[32]
Whaley, J. E., Douglas, A. C., & O’Neill, M. A. (2014). What’s in a Tip? The Creation and Refinement of a Restaurant Tipping Motivations Scale: A Consumer Perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 37, 121-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.11.005
[33]
Whaley, J. E., Kim, S. H., & Kim, Y. K. (2019a). Drivers and Impact of Restaurant Tipping Behavior. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 22, 117-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2019.1570773
[34]
Whaley, J. E., Lee, J., & Kim, Y.-K. (2019b). Do Tipping Motivations Lead to Server Loyalty in a Restaurant? International Hospitality Review, 33, 91-105. https://doi.org/10.1108/IHR-01-2019-0001
