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5~6岁儿童对反转的负性强化联结的性别差异
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Abstract:
女性比男性更易患焦虑症，但焦虑性别差异的行为机制尚不清楚。本研究采用辨别反转学习范式，以主观预期值作为测量指标，探讨5~6岁儿童在条件性辨别习得后的反转负性强化学习任务中的性别差异。以厌恶声音作为强化刺激，41名正常儿童参加了条件性辨别学习和反转学习。结果发现，习得阶段，男女儿童都能辨别两个不同的刺激；而反转阶段，男童反转得更快，女童持续表现之前的反应。此结果表明，男生对负性强化联结的反转反应比女生更为敏感，女生在适应新环境时的困难可能导致女性更易患焦虑症。
Females are more vulnerable to anxiety disorders compared to males, less is known about the behavioral mechanisms in the sex differences of anxiety in children. Then, in the present study, forty-one typically developing children aged 5~6 years completed a reversal learning task following partial reinforcement Pavlovian fear conditioning. Condition fear and reversal were indexed by trial-by-trial changes in the child’s expectancy of the US. The results showed that: all children demonstrated intact fear conditioning, measured by significantly greater US expectancy to a visual cue that predicted an aversive outcome than for a neutral cue. After switching the cue contingencies, boys indicated that the US was more likely to occur in response to the newly aversive cue relative to girls. The results indicated that boys adjusted their behavioral responses to the changed reinforcement structure more relative to girls. The challenges girls experience adapting their behavior to new situations may contribute to the overall female bias in anxiety disorders.
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