全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Exploring the Politics of Widowhood in Vrindavan: An Analysis of Life Narratives of Vrindavan Widows

DOI: 10.4236/aasoci.2021.114012, PP. 158-176

Keywords: Widowhood, Hinduism, Gender, Religion

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

The experience of Hindu widowhood in the Indian context constitutes social exclusion and marginalization of the woman who has lost her husband. The practice, which is the product of intersection of Indian patriarchy with the Hindu caste system, aims at total obliteration of the widow and rendering her invisible. The widow who is already in a precarious position due to adverse socio-economic and cultural ramifications of being a woman in the Indian society is pushed further to the margins. Her only recourse to means of dignified survival is to conform to the norms of Hindu widowhood that entail curtailment of freedoms associated with dress code, diet, social relationships and sexual conduct. The present paper intends to shed light on the workings of widowhood phenomenon in Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh, a revered place due to its prominence in Hinduism. A life of religiosity in Vrindavan offers itself as a viable option for widows’ subsistence. Vrindavan, in turn, benefits from the presence of widows. The dynamics of the interrelationship between the spiritual economy of Vrindavan and life of widows is explored to shed light on the negotiations that widows undertake on a day-to-day basis to further their existence. Life narratives of widows are analyzed to shed light on the bargains that they undertake to become and survive as a Vrindavan widow.

References

[1]  Ambedkar, B. R. (1979). Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development. In B. Ambedkar (Ed.), Writings and Speeches (Vol. 1, pp. 3-22). Bombay: Education Department, Government of Maharashtra.
[2]  Banerji, C., & Jack, I. (2006). What Bengali Widows Cannot Eat. In C. Banerji, The Hour of the Goddess: Memories of Women, Food and Ritual in Bengal (pp. 95-104). New Delhi: Seagull Books.
[3]  Chakravarti, U. (1995). Gender, Caste and Labor: Ideological and Material Structure of Widowhood. Economic and Political Weekly, 30, 2248-2256.
[4]  Chakravarti, U., & Preeti, G. (2001). Introduction. In U. Chakravarti, & G. Preeti (Eds.), Shadow Lives: Writings on Widowhood (pp. 7). New Delhi: Zubaan.
[5]  Chandra, S. (1987). Conflicted Beliefs and Men’s Consciousness about Women: Widow Marriage in Later Nineteenth Century Indian Literature. Economic and Political Weekly, 22, WS55-WS62.
[6]  Chen, M. A. (1998). Widows in India: Social Neglect and Public Action. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
[7]  Clémentin-Ojha, C. (1988). Outside the Norms: Women Ascetics in Hindu Society. Economic and Political Weekly, 23, WS34-WS36.
[8]  Cole, W. O. (1991). Moral Issues in Six Religions (pp. 104-105). Bath: The Bath Press.
[9]  Das, N. D. (1886). The Hindu Widow. The Nineteenth Century and After: A Monthly Review, 20, 364-373.
[10]  Denton, L. T., & Collin, S. (2004). Introduction. In L. T. Denton (Ed.), Female Ascetics in Hinduism (pp. 1-22). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
[11]  Ganapathy, R. (2019). Act for Your Life: Widows in Vrindavan. Ecumenica, 12, 14-27.
https://doi.org/10.5325/ecumenica.12.1.0014
[12]  Gilbert, T., & Powell, J. L. (2010). Power and Social Work in the United Kingdom: A Foucauldian Excursion. Journal of Social Work, 10, 3-22.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017309347237
[13]  Hunter, W. W. (1908). Brindaban. In The Imperial gazetteer of India (Vol. 9, pp 17-18). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
[14]  Kandiyoti, D. (1988). Bargaining with Patriarchy. Gender & Society, 2, 274-290.
https://doi.org/10.1177/089124388002003004
[15]  Králová, J. (2015). What Is Social Death? Contemporary Social Science, 10, 235-248.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2015.1114407
[16]  Leslie, J. (1995). Translated “Stridharmapaddhati” (p. 303). New Delhi: Penguin Group.
[17]  Macdonell, A. (1929). Vidh-áva. In A. A. Macdonell (Ed.), A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary with Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis Throughout (pp. 284). London: Oxford University Press.
[18]  Mahmood, S. (2011). Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvct00cf
[19]  Mani, L. (1998). Contentious Traditions: The Debate on Sati in Colonial India. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520921153
[20]  Massey, D. (2013). Introduction. In Space, Place and Gender (p. 186). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
[21]  Mayo, K. (2000). Mother India (p. 78). Sinha, M. (Ed.), Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.10490
[22]  Nair, J. (1994). On the Question of Agency in Indian Feminist Historiography. Gender & History, 6, 82-100.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.1994.tb00196.x
[23]  Narayan, D., Patel, R., Schafft, K., Rademacher, A., & Koch-Schulte, S. (2000). Voices of the Poor: Can Anyone Hear Us? (pp. 5). Washington DC: World Bank.
https://doi.org/10.1596/0-1952-1601-6
[24]  Olson, C. (2008). Celibacy and Human Body: An Introduction. In C. Olson (Ed.), Celibacy and Religious Traditions (pp. 3-20). New York: Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306316.003.0001
[25]  Rajan, S. R. (1993). Representing Sati: Continuities and Discontinuities. In Real and Imagined Women (p. 52). London: Routledge.
[26]  Ramberg, L. (2014). Yellamma and Her Sisters. In Given to the Goddess: South Indian Devadasis and the Sexuality of Religion (pp. 39-71). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822376415
[27]  Schieffelin, B. B. (1990). The Give and Take of Everyday Life: Language, Socialization of Kaluli Children (p. 16). No. 9, New York: Cambridge University Press.
[28]  Shandilya, K. (2017). Desire, Death, and the Discourse of Sati: Bankimchandra Chatterjee’s Krishnakanter Uil and Rabindranath Tagore’s Chokher Bali. In Intimate Relations: Social Reform and the Late Nineteenth-Century South Asian Novel (pp. 4-20). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
[29]  Spivak, G. C. (1994). Can the Subaltern Speak? In P. Williams, & L. Chrisman (Eds.), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader (p. 93). Hertfordshire: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
[30]  Turner, B. S. (2019). Piety, Practice and Habitus: Saba Mahmood’s Dialogue with Aristotle and His Legacy. Sociology of Islam, 7, 289-300.
https://doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00704005
[31]  UN Women (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women) (2001). Women 2000: Widowhood: Invisible Women Secluded or Excluded (p. 3). New York: United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women.
[32]  Wadley, S. (1995). No Longer a Wife: Widows in Rural North India. In L. Harlan, & P. B. Courtright (Eds.), From the Margins of Hindu Marriage: Essays on Gender, Religion, and Culture (pp. 92-118). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133