Islamic Conquests in Sind II

In an outline, Muslim Arabs’ interests for the Sind region, which enclose around the Indus (Mihrān) river in the Southeastern Pakistan, have gradually increased since the reign of Muaviye. From time to time, transformation of the Sind into a refuge region for some criminals and fugitives that had been included in some external (Harici) revolts in the center of the caliphate, and the authorities’ collaboration with some local forces to follow and punish them, contributed to these interests. Although in the attacks of the commanders who were appointed one after another, the tough geographical structure of the region and the warriors such as Zutts who had egregious characters caused heavy losses, such important places as Mekran, Dibal, Kikan, Kusdar were captured and many loots and captives were obtained. With the ruling of Hajjāj who replaced Velid the I. (705-715), appointed by his father Abdulmelik b. Mervan (685-705), in the history of Umayyads, a new era and new conquest attempts started. In order to take advantage of experiences of the first four caliphs (Hulefa-i Rashidin), many governors were assigned to the same places again and even many of them died for the sake of the conquest of the Sind region. The issues such as taxes or tributes from the local people were arranged. Even so, it is understood from the attempts to conquer the region that the efforts were not long lasting. It was attempted to put forward the processes creating the background of conquests which were permenant with Muhammed b. Kas？m as of 708s, by referring to El-Kufi who were the witnesses of many events and by benefitting from the other sources