Habitat preferences of wolves (Canis lupus) in western Black Sea Region and suggestions for the management of habitats

Wolves are distributed in all regions of Turkey, but there is a very limited number of studies about wolves. This study was conducted to determine habitat use and preferences of wolves in Düzce and Bolu provinces within Bolu Forest Regional Directorate where human disturbance and forest existence are intense. Some suggestions were made for the management of wolves. Presence of wolves was recorded by using randomly founded scats in the field, and wolf photographs in camera traps. Before analyzing the existing data, similar locations were removed to prevent autocorrelation. A total of 48 wolf occurrences were determined. In addition, 48 randomly chosen points corresponding to the existing habitat specifications were used to analyze habitat use and preference. Of 2.5 km buffer was drawn to both 48 points using the ArcGIS program, and the areas of forest stands were calculated. These were then reduced to five habitat classes, and the habitat preference rate (w) and usage of wolves were calculated by using the ratio of these two areas. In addition, these two data sets were analyzed with respect to slope, elevation, distance to the roads and settlements by statistical t-test. Besides, it was calculated whether there is a significant difference for p < 0.05. As a result, we found that wolves generally were over 1100m above sea level in coniferous forests with less human influence, and preferred northern aspects with more than 50 degrees in slope. We revealed that wolves avoid from heavy traffic at highways and cutting-based forestry activities in the forests. To analyze the habitats in detail, it can be useful to monitor wolves by using modern radio telemetry methods and to analyze the diet of wolves