PREVALENCE OF CERVICAL CANCER AND HUMAN PAP？LLOMA V？RUS (HPV), AND HPV VACCINATION PROGRAMS

ABSTRACT The aim of the review was to investigate the prevalence of cervical cancer and HPV (16/18), the HPV vaccination programs in several countries. In the review, the prevalence of cervical cancer and HPV, and HPV vaccination programs held in 193 countries around the world were investigated. According to Globocan 2012 data, in the world, 2.784 million women aged 15 years and over are at risk for cervical cancer and there are about 527.624 new cervical cancer cases per year. The incidence of cervical cancer in the world is 14.0 per 100 thousand people. Of all the female cancers, cervical cancer ranks fourth in the world, second in Africa, third in Asia, fourth in America, sixth in Europe and eighth in Oceania. The cervical cancer mortality rate in the world is 6.8 per 100 thousand people. The highest cervical cancer mortality rate in the world is in Africa: 17.5. The cervical cancer mortality rate in Asia, America, Oceania and Europe is 6.4, 5.9, 4.5 and 3.8 respectively. As is known, HPV plays a major role in the etiology of cervical cancer. The prevalence of HPV types 16 and 18 in women in the world is 4.1%. The prevalence of HPV types 16 and 18 in cervical cancer was 69.4%. The prevalence of HPV in women is the highest in Africa (18.6%) and in Oceania (8.3%) followed by the United States (5.4%), Europe (3.8%) and Asia (3.4%). The review of national HPV vaccination programs on a continental basis demonstrated that of the 193 countries, 81 implemented HPV vaccination programs. Of the 55 countries in Africa, only 9 (Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho, Libya, Ruanda, S？o Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Uganda) have national HPV vaccination programs for women and none of these countries have an HPV vaccination program for men. The prevalence of HPV 16/18 in Africa is high in countries like Guinea (9.8%), Kenya (9.1%), Mozambique (8.4%) and Benin (7.4%); however, none of these countries have a national HPV vaccination program. Of the 33 countries in America, 20 (USA, Antiqua, Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Trinidad Tobago, and Uruguay) have national HPV vaccination programs for women. Of these 20 countries, only the United States has a national HPV vaccination program for men. The countries with the highest prevalence of HPV 16/18 are Cuba (39.6%) and Venezuela (35.2%), but neither of these countries has a national HPV vaccination program. Of the 14 countries in the Oceania, only one (Australia) has a national HPV vaccination program