Assessing the impact of Argo floats temperature measurements on the numerical weather prediction forecast skill

The forecast skill of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models relies, among other factors such as the prediction itself and the assimilation scheme, on the accuracy of the observations utilized in the assimilation systems for the production of initial and boundary conditions. One of the most crucial parameters in weather forecasting is the sea surface temperature (SST). In the majority of NWP models, the initial and lower boundary conditions involve gridded (SST) analyses which consist of data obtained by buoys, ships and satellites. The main aim of this study is to integrate Argo temperature measurements in gridded SST analyses and to assess their impact on the forecast skill of a limited area atmospheric model. Argo floats are “state-of-the-art” oceanographic instruments producing high-quality temperature profiles for the ice-free ocean. In this study, Argo temperatures are incorporated into gridded SST fields without applying any smoothing method in order to directly assess the impact of Argo temperatures on numerical weather prediction. Their impact is assessed under intense weather cyclonic conditions at the Mediterranean Sea by performing two sensitivity simulations either incorporating or not Argo temperatures into gridded SST fields used in the generation of the initial and lower boundary conditions. The results indicate that the inclusion of Argo-measured near-surface temperatures in the lower boundary condition modifies the surface heat fluxes, thus affecting mean sea level pressure and precipitation. In particular, an overall improvement of the precipitation forecast skill up to 3% has been demonstrated. Moreover, the incorporation of Argo temperatures affects the simulated track and intensity of the cyclone over the Balkan Peninsula