Mechanism, of Biophysicochemical Interactions and Cellular Uptake at the Nano-Bio Interface: A Review

Although numerous studies have investigated the interaction between nanoparticles and biological systems (proteins, cells, tissues, membrane etc.), and the growing interests of nanotoxicity of these engineered nanoparticles, much remains to be investigated. First, there are various factors to be explored, such as the physical or chemical properties of materials, different cell lines, and the systematic study of specific materials. Secondly, architectural structure (shape) conditions of NPs have not been well investigated and undestood. Third, the variations in cell line result in different cell uptake, toxicity, or transportation in the same materials, but systematic studies of this phenomenon are scanty. Fourth, the nanotoxicity issue and the accumulation of non-degradable materials relating to biosafety are yet to be understood. Fifth, the transformation of NMs’ surface chemistry in living creatures is too complicated to investigate. In this article, we review the biophysicochemical mechanisms of the various interactions between nanomaterials and biological systems (proteins, cells, membrane). With the rapid increase in studies related to nanotechnology, investigations on nanomaterials can be more beneficial than others because of their size. A comprehensive understanding of nano-bio interactions can serve as a foundation for future biomedical applications.