From Transitions to Transformation: A Brief Review of the Potential Impacts of COVID-19 on Boosting Digitization, Digitalization, and Systems Thinking in the Built Environment
In a short time, during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, we managed to shift rapidly to use digital technologies and replace some of our daily operations with virtual modes. This shift happened so instantly and widely that it enables us to argue that the COVID-19 became a valid reason to boost some of the gradual and ongoing transitions towards faster transformations. In this study, we use gray literature to delve into arguments around the boost for digitization, digitalization, and systems thinking in the development of the built environment. This is mostly discussed from the influence of COVID-19 on some of the existing practices or the business-as-usual of the built environment sector. From technological advancement to technology use, these arguments are put forward to discuss what is likely to be the major driver of technological adoption and the shifting paradigms that are yet to be revealed. The study concludes that the current push towards new directions and development pathways are likely to be widely accepted in a shorter time. The findings of this brief study feed into existing arguments on transformative pathways due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
References
[1]
Fuchs, P., Moreau, G. and Guitton, P. (2011) Virtual Reality: Concepts and Technologies. CRC Press, Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11612
[2]
Zhang, Y., Liu, H., Kang, S.-C. and Al-Hussein, M. (2020) Virtual Reality Applications for the Built Environment: Research Trends and Opportunities. Automation in Construction, 118, Article ID: 103311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103311
[3]
Cheshmehzangi, A., Zhu, Y. and Li, B. (2010) Integrated Urban Design Approach: Sustainability for Urban Design. Proceedings for ICRM, Ningbo, January 2010, 241-247.
[4]
Kim, H.Y. (2016) Implementing a Sustainable Decision-Making Environment—Cases for GIS, BIM, and Big Data Utilization. Journal of KIBIM, 6, 24-33. https://doi.org/10.13161/kibim.2016.6.3.024
[5]
Park, S.-H. and Kim, E. (2016) Middleware for Translating Urban GIS Information for Building a Design Society via General BIM Tools. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 15, 447-454. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.15.447
[6]
Zhu, J., Wright, G., Wang, J. and Wang, X. (2018) A Critical Review of the Integration of Geographic Information System and Building Information Modelling at the Data Level. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7, 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7020066
[7]
Wang, H., Pan, Y. and Luo, X. (2019) Integration of BIM and GIS in Sustainable Built Environment: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Automation in Construction, 103, 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.03.005
[8]
Yin, X., Liu, H., Chen, Y. and Al-Hussein, M. (2019) Building Information Modelling for Off-Site Construction: Review and Future Directions. Automation in Construction, 101, 72-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.01.010
[9]
Guo, Y. and He, S.Y. (2020) Built Environment Effect on the Integration of Dockless Bike-Sharing and the Metro. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 83, Article ID: 102335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102335
[10]
Nguyen, V.N., Ginige, K. and Greenwood, D. (2018) Challenges in Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction into the Built Environment—The Vietnam Context. Procedia Engineering, 212, 316-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.041
[11]
Fan, C., Zhang, C., Yahja, A. and Mostafavi, A. (2019) Disaster City Digital Twin: A Vision for Integrating Artificial and Human Intelligence for Disaster Management. International Journal of Information Management, 56, Article ID: 102049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.102049
[12]
Jin, R., Gao, S., Cheshmehzangi, A. and Aboagye-Nimo, E. (2018) A Holistic Review of Off-Site Construction Literature Published between 2008 and 2018. Journal of Cleaner Production, 202, 1202-1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.195
[13]
Ransolin, N., Saurin, T.A. and Formoso, C.T. (2020) Integrated Modelling of Built Environment and Functional Requirements: Implications for Resilience. Applied Ergonomics, 88, Article ID: 103154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103154
[14]
Wen, Z., Wang, Y. and De Clercq, D. (2016) What Is the True Value of Food Waste? A Case Study of Technology Integration in Urban Food Waste Treatment in Suzhou City, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 118, 88-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.087
[15]
Nam, T. and Pardo, T.A. (2011) Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions. In: Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference on Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times, ACM Press, New York, 282. https://doi.org/10.1145/2037556.2037602
[16]
Tan-Mullins, M., Cheshmehzangi, A., Chien, S. and Xie, L. (2017) Smart-Eco Cities in China: Trends and City Profiles 2016. University of Exeter, Exeter.
[17]
Cecílio, J., Caldeira, F. and Wanzeller, C. (2018) CityMii—An Integration and Interoperable Middleware to Manage a Smart City. Procedia Computer Science, 130, 416-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.062
[18]
Lu, H.-P., Chen, C.-S. and Yu, H. (2019) Technology Roadmap for Building a Smart City: An Exploring Study on Methodology. Future Generation Computer Systems, 97, 727-742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.03.014
[19]
Sepasgozar, S.M.E., Hawken, S., Sargolzaei, S. and Foroozanfa, M. (2019) Implementing Citizen Centric Technology in Developing Smart Cities: A Model for Predicting the Acceptance of Urban Technologies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 142, 105-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.012
[20]
Ahad, M.A., Paiva, S., Tripathi, G. and Feroz, N. (2020) Enabling Technologies and Sustainable Smart Cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, Article ID: 102301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102301
[21]
Yang, P.P.J. and Yamagata, Y. (2020) Chapter 1 Urban Systems Design: Shaping Smart Cities by Integrating Urban Design and Systems Science. In: Yamagata, Y. and Yang, P.P.J., Eds., Urban Systems Design: Creating Sustainable Smart Cities in the Internet of Things Era, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816055-8.00001-4
[22]
Balakrishna, C. (2012) Enabling Technologies for Smart City Services and Applications. 2012 Sixth International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Applications, Services and Technologies, Paris, 12-14 September 2012, 223-227. https://doi.org/10.1109/NGMAST.2012.51
[23]
Guelzim, T., Obaidat, M.S. and Sadoun, B. (2016) Introduction and Overview of Key Enabling Technologies for Smart Cities and Homes. In: Obaidat, M.S. and Nicopolitidis, P., Eds., Smart Cities and Homes: Key Enabling Technologies, Morgan Kaufmann, Burlington, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803454-5.00001-8
[24]
Zahmatkesh, H. and Al-Turjman, F. (2020) Fog Computing for Sustainable Smart Cities in the IoT Era: Caching Techniques and Enabling Technologies—An Overview. Sustainable Cities and Society, 59, Article ID: 102139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102139
[25]
Evans, D. (2011) The Internet of Things How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything. CISCO White Paper. https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoT_IBSG_0411FINAL.pdf
[26]
Gaur, A., Scotney, B., Parr, G. and McClean, S. (2015) Smart City Architecture and its Applications Based on IoT. Procedia Computer Science, 52, 1089-1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.05.122
[27]
Mohanty, S.P., Choppali, U. and Kougianos, E. (2016) Everything You Wanted to Know about Smart Cities: The Internet of Things Is the Backbone. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 5, 60-70. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879
[28]
Huang, X. (2020) Multi-Node Topology Location Model of Smart City Based on Internet of Things. Computer Communications, 152, 282-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2020.01.052
[29]
Chen, H. and Liu, Y.H. (2016) The Impact and Planning Reform of “Internet+” to City Space. Planners, No. 4, 1.
[30]
Kai, Z. and Bei, T. (2017) Study on Marketing Strategy Model of City Brand in Internet+ Era. The 2017 4th International Conference on Business, Economics and Management (BUSEM 2017), Qingdao, 16 November 2017, 99-103.
[31]
Tao, M. (2017) Construction and Application of “Internet+ Housing Security” Information System in Wuhan City. Geospatial Information, No. 5, 3.
[32]
Anđelković, A. and Bajatović, D. (2020) Integration of Weather Forecast and Artificial Intelligence for a Short-Term City-Scale Natural Gas Consumption Prediction. Journal of Cleaner Production, 266, Article ID: 122096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122096
[33]
Kramers, A, Höjer, M., Lövehagen, N. and Wangel, J. (2014) Smart Sustainable Cities—Exploring ICT Solutions for Reduced Energy Use in Cities. Environmental Modelling & Software, 56, 52-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.12.019
[34]
Navarro, J.L.A., Ruiz, C.R.L. and Peña, D.N. (2017) The Effect of ICT Use and Capability on Knowledge-Based Cities. Cities Part A, 60, 272-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.09.010
[35]
Tranos, E. and Ioannides, Y.M. (2020) ICT and Cities Revisited. Telematics and Informatics, 55, Article ID: 101439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101439
[36]
AlDairi, A. and Tawalbeh, L. (2017) Cyber Security Attacks on Smart Cities and Associated Mobile Technologies. Procedia Computer Science, 109, 1086-1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.05.391
[37]
Zou, X., Cao, J., Guo, Q. and Wen, T. (2018) A Novel Network Security Algorithm Based on Improved Support Vector Machine from Smart City Perspective. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 65, 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2017.09.028
[38]
Jahani, E., Cetin, K. and Cho, I.H. (2020) City-Scale Single Family Residential Building Energy Consumption Prediction Using Genetic Algorithm-Based Numerical Moment Matching Technique. Building and Environment, 172, Article ID: 106667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106667
[39]
Silva, J. Mojica, J., Piñeres, A., Rojas, R., Acosta, S., Garcia Guliany, J. and Steffens Sanabria, E. (2020) Algorithms for the Control of Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities. Procedia Computer Science, 170, 971-976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.099
[40]
Zhang, W., Wu, Z., Han, G., Feng, Y. and Shu, L. (2020) LDC: A Lightweight Dada Consensus Algorithm Based on the Blockchain for the Industrial Internet of Things for Smart City Applications. Future Generation Computer Systems, 108, 574-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2020.03.009
[41]
Sozer, H. and Tuysuz, F. (2020) Dynamic Evaluation Method to Increase the Effect of the Automation System on the Building Energy Performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, Article ID: 119811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119811
[42]
Dodgson, M. and Gann, D. (2011) Technological Innovation and Complex Systems in Cities. Journal of Urban Technology, 18, 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2011.615570
[43]
Praharaj, S., Han, J.H. and Hawken, S. (2018) Urban Innovation through Policy Integration: Critical Perspectives from 100 Smart Cities Mission in India. City, Culture and Society, 12, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2017.06.004
[44]
Yang, Y., Ng, S.T., Xu, F.J. and Skitmore, M. (2018) Towards Sustainable and Resilient High Density Cities through Better Integration of Infrastructure Networks. Sustainable Cities and Society, 42, 407-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.07.013
[45]
Oliveira, V.A.T. and Santos, G.D. (2019) Information Technology Acceptance in Public Safety in Smart Sustainable Cities: A Qualitative Analysis. Procedia Manufacturing, 39, 1929-1936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.01.239
[46]
Batabyal, A.A. and Beladi, H. (2019) The Optimal Provision of Information and Communication Technologies in Smart Cities. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 147, 216-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.07.013
[47]
Lex, S.W., Cali, D., Rasmussen, M.K., Bacher, P., Bachalarz, M. and Madsen, H. (2019) A Cross-Disciplinary Path to Healthy and Energy Efficient Buildings. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 142, 273-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.023
[48]
Simmons, G., Giraldo, J.E.D., Truong, Y. and Palmer, M.J. (2018) Uncovering the Link between Governance as an Innovation Process and Socio-Economic Regime Transition in Cities. Research Policy, 47, 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.11.002
[49]
Cheshmehzangi, A. (2016) City Enhancement beyond the Notion of “Sustainable City”: Introduction to Integrated Assessment for City Enhancement (iACE) Toolkit. Energy Procedia, 104, 153-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.027
[50]
Andreani, S., Kalchschmidt, M., Pinto, R. and Sayegh, A. (2019) Reframing Technologically Enhanced Urban Scenarios: A Design Research Model towards Human Centered Smart Cities. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 142, 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.028
[51]
Curzon, J., Almehmadi, A. and El-Khatib, K. (2019) A Survey of Privacy Enhancing Technologies for Smart Cities. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 55, 76-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2019.03.001
[52]
Ding, L.Y., Zhou, Y., Luo, H.B. and Wu, X.G. (2012) Using nD Technology to Develop an Integrated Construction Management System for City Rail Transit Construction. Automation in Construction, 21, 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2011.05.013
[53]
Sun, J., Wang, Z. and Li, G. (2018) Measuring Emission-Reduction and Energy-Conservation Efficiency of Chinese Cities Considering Management and Technology Heterogeneity. Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 561-571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.042
[54]
Yeh, H. (2017) The Effects of Successful ICT-Based Smart City Services: From Citizens’ Perspective. Government Information Quarterly, 34, 556-565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.05.001
[55]
Cheshmehzangi, A. (2020) The City in Need: Urban Resilience and City Management in Disruptive Disease Outbreak Events. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5487-2
[56]
Graham S. and Marvin S. (2001) Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition. Psychology Press, Hove. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203452202
[57]
Hang, C.C., Yu, D. and Chai, K.-H. (2007) An Exploratory Study on Understanding the Technological Dimension in Disruptive Innovation. The 5th International Symposium on Management of Technology (ISMOT’07), Hangzhou, 1-3 June 2007, 262-266.
[58]
Bairoch, P. (1991) The City and Technological Innovation. In: Higonnet, P.L.R., Landes, D.S. and Rosovsky, H., Eds., Favorites of Fortune, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 159-176.
[59]
Goi, C.-L. (2017) The Impact of Technological Innovation on Building a Sustainable City. International Journal of Quality Innovation, 3, Article No. 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40887-017-0014-9
[60]
Benghozi, P.-J. (1990) Managing Innovation: From ad hoc to Routine in French Telecom. Organization Studies, 11, 531-554. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069001100405
[61]
Gilmore, T.N. and Krantz, J. (1991) Innovation in the Public Sector: Dilemmas in the Use of Ad Hoc Processes. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 10, 455-468. https://doi.org/10.2307/3325326
[62]
Bruns, A. (2012) Ad hoc Innovation by Users of Social Networks: The Case of Twitter. International Conference on Indicators and Concepts of Innovation (5th) and Concepts of Innovation NET4SOCIETY Networking Event for Socio-Economic Sciences and Humanities in the 7th Framework Programme, September 2011.
[63]
Ting, D.S.-W., Carin, L., Dzau, V. and Wong, T.Y. (2020) Digital Technology and COVID-19. Nature Medicine, 26, 459-461. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0824-5
[64]
Keesara, S., Jonas, A. and Schulman, K. (2020) Covid-19 and Health Care’s Digital Revolution. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382, e82. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2005835# https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2005835
[65]
Allam, Z., Dey, G. and Jones, D.S. (2020) Artificial Intelligence (AI) Provided Early Detection of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) in China and Will Influence Future Urban Health Policy Internationally. AI, 1, 156-165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ai1020009
[66]
Hopman, J., Allegranzi, B. and Mehtar, S. (2020) Managing COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. JAMA, 323, 1549-1550. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4169
[67]
Shaw, R., Kim, Y.-K. and Hua, J. (2020) Governance, Technology and Citizen Behavior in Pandemic: Lessons from COVID-19 in East Asia. Progress in Disaster Science, 6, Article ID: 100090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100090
[68]
Zhou, C., Su, F., Pei, T., Zhang, A., et al. (2020) COVID-19: Challenges to GIS with Big Data. Geography and Sustainability, 1, 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2020.03.005
[69]
Zeng, Z., Chen, P.-J. and Lew, A.A. (2020) From High-Touch to High-Tech: COVID-19 Drives Robotics Adoption. Tourism Geographies, 22, 724-734. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1762118
[70]
Jucevicius, R., Patašiene, I. and Patašius, M. (2014) Digital Dimension of Smart City: Critical Analysis. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156, 146-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.137
[71]
Läpple, D. (2001) City and Region in an Age of Globalisation and Digitization. German Journal of Urban Studies, 40, 13-34.
[72]
Sassen, S. (1991) The Global City. Wiley, New York.
[73]
Ceylan, Z. (2020) Estimation of COVID-19 Prevalence in Italy, Spain, and France. Science of the Total Environment, 729, Article ID: 138817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138817
[74]
Kumar, A., Gupta, P.K. and Srivastava, A. (2020) A Review of Modern Technologies for Tackling COVID-19 Pandemic. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14, 569-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.008
[75]
Nguyen, V.N., Strnad, O., Klein, T., Luo, D., Alharbi, R., Wonka, P. and Viola, I. (2020) Modeling in the Time of COVID-19: Statistical and Rule-Based Mesoscale Models. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2020.3030415
[76]
Rahim, H.U., Rahim, T. and Rahim, A.U. (2020) COVID-19 and the Following Lock-Downs: Is This Will Be a Rest Button for the Ecosystem? https://ssrn.com/abstract=3588524or
[77]
Li, L., Zhang, Q., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Wang, T., Gao, T.-L., Duan, W., Tsoi, K.K.-F. and Wang, F.Y. (2020) Characterizing the Propagation of Situational Information in Social Media during Covid-19 Epidemic: A Case Study on Weibo. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 7, 556-562. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2020.2980007
[78]
Wang, L., Li, J., Guo, S., Xie, N., Yao, L., Cao, Y. and Ji, J. (2020) Real-Time Estimation and Prediction of Mortality Caused by COVID-19 with Patient Information Based Algorithm. Science of the Total Environment, 727, Article ID: 138394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138394
[79]
Siountri, K., Skondras, E. and Vergados, D.D. (2020) Developing Smart Buildings Using Blockchain, Internet of Things, and Building Information Modeling. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking (IJITN), 12, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJITN.2020070101
[80]
Zhou, Y., Wang, L., Ding, L. and Tang, Z. (2020) Intelligent Technologies Help Operating Mobile Cabin Hospitals Effectively Cope with COVID-19. Frontiers of Engineering Management, 7, 459-460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-020-0113-5
[81]
Renggli, A.G. (2020) Does COVID-19 Lead to the Demand for Innovative Hospitals. Gordan Kucan M.Sc. in Integrated Building Systems, ETH, 26.05. 2020.
[82]
Zhao, M., Liao, H.T. and Sun, S.P. (2020) An Education Literature Review on Digitization, Digitalization, Datafication, and Digital Transformation. In: 6th International Conference on Humanities & Social Science Research, Atlantis Press, Paris, 302-306. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200428.065
[83]
Musselwhite, C., Avineri, E. and Susilo, Y. (2020) Editorial JTH 16—The Coronavirus Disease COVID-19 and Implications for Transport and Health. Journal of Transport & Health, 16, Article ID: 100853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.100853
[84]
Makridis, C.A. and Hartley, J.S. (2020) The Cost of COVID-19: A Rough Estimate of the 2020 US GDP Impact. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3570731 https://www.mercatus.org/system/files/makridis-cost-covid-19-mercatus-v1.pdf
[85]
Zhai, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, M., Gittell, J.H., Jiang, S., Chen, B., et al. (2020) From Isolation to Coordination: How Can Telemedicine Help Combat the Covid-19 Outbreak? https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.20.20025957
[86]
Crawford, J., Butler-Henderson, K., Rudolph, J. and Glowatz, M. (2020) COVID-19: 20 Countries’ Higher Education Intra-Period Digital Pedagogy Responses. Journal of Applied Teaching and Learning (JALT), 3, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2020.3.1.7
[87]
Yan, A., Zou, Y. and Mirchandani, D.A. (2020) How Hospitals in Mainland China Responded to the Outbreak of COVID-19 Using IT-Enabled Services: An Analysis of Hospital News Webpages. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 27, 991-999. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa064
[88]
Allam, Z. and Jones, D.S. (2020) On the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak and the Smart City Network: Universal Data Sharing Standards Coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Benefit Urban Health Monitoring and Management. Healthcare, 8, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8010046
[89]
McCall, B. (2020) COVID-19 and Artificial Intelligence: Protecting Health-Care Workers and Curbing the Spread. The Lancet Digital Health, 2, e166-e167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30054-6
[90]
McCall, B. (2020) Shut Down and Reboot—Preparing to Minimise Infection in a Post-COVID-19 Era. The Lancet Digital Health, 2, e293-e294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30103-5
[91]
Ji, Y., Ma, Z., Peppelenbosch, M.P. and Pan, Q. (2020) Potential Association between COVID-19 Mortality and Health-Care Resource Availability. The Lancet Global Health, 8, e480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30068-1
[92]
Pan, X.B. (2020) Application of Personal-Oriented Digital Technology in Preventing Transmission of COVID-19, China. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971-), 189, 1145-1146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-020-02215-5
[93]
Capolongo, S., Rebecchi, A., Buffoli, M., Letizia, A., Carlo, S., Fara, G.M. and Daniela, D.A. (2020) COVID-19 and Cities: from Urban Health Strategies to the Pandemic Challenge. A Decalogue of Public Health Opportunities. Acta Biomedica, 91, 13-22.
[94]
Krause, N.M., Freiling, I., Beets, B. and Brossard, D. (2020) Fact-Checking as Risk Communication: The Multi-Layered Risk of Misinformation in Times of COVID-19. Journal of Risk Research, 23, 1052-1059. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756385
[95]
Radanliev, P., De Roure, D. and Van Kleek, M. (2020) Digitalization of COVID-19 Pandemic Management and Cyber Risk from Connected Systems. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3604825
[96]
ülkeryıldız, E. (2020) Transformation of Public and Private Spaces: Instrumentality of Restrictions on the Use of Public Space during COVID 19 Pandemic. International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture & Urbanism, Vol. 6, 8. https://doi.org/10.38027/N192020ICCAUA316394
[97]
World Economic Forum (2020) Global Issue: COVID-19. https://intelligence.weforum.org/topics/a1G0X000006O6EHUA0?tab=publications
[98]
Bradley, D.T., Mansouri, M.A., Kee, F., et al. (2020) A Systems Approach to Preventing and Responding to COVID-19. EClinical Medicine, 21, Article ID: 100325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100325
[99]
Laupacis, A. (2020) Working Together to Contain and Manage COVID-19. CMAJ, 192, E340-E341. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200428
[100]
Rambihar, V.S. (2020) Chaos, Complexity and Systems Thinking to Contain and Manage COVID-19, CMAJ. https://www.cmaj.ca/content/chaos-complexity-and-systems-thinking-contain-and-manage-covid-19
[101]
Cheshmehzangi, A. (2020) COVID-19 and Household Energy Implications: What Are the Main Impacts on Energy Use? Heliyon, 6, e05202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05202