Cosmetic industry is a dynamic sector, which changes fast with the emergence of new products that are advertised glamorously, and they take place on colorful pages in women’s magazines, which imply to the average female consumer that they can always create a new self by purchasing these cosmetic products. In other words, in the consumer culture, the products that they purchase define consumers, and consumption is seen as an everyday activity, which is done quite frequently (Paterson, 2006). The cosmetic products that women decide to buy carry symbolic meanings, and these meanings are transferred when they consume these products (Iqani, 2012). The consumer culture promises to the female consumer that by buying a variety of goods she can achieve self-enhancement, which will help her to stand out among other people, and she can preserve her self-esteem this way as she will be superior to others (Mooij, 2004). Therefore, this paper aims to make a critique of the consumer culture from the perspective of cosmetic products by showing how women, in fact, use cosmetics as a symbol of distinction and do hedonic shopping at department stores, and how women’s magazines indeed create false needs in their readers for purchasing more cosmetic products by putting a literature review forward.
References
[1]
Bögenhold, D., & Naz, F. (2018). Consumption and Lifestyles. Cham: Palgrave Pivot. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06203-3
[2]
Bradford, J. (2015). Fashion Journalism. Oxon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203130865
[3]
Çakır, M. (2014). Görsel Kültür ve Küresel Kitle Kültürü. Ankara: ütopya Yayınevi.
[4]
Chao, A., & Schor, J. B. (1998). Empirical Tests of Status Consumption: Evidence from Women’s Cosmetics. Journal of Economic Psychology, 19, 107-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00038-X
[5]
Clarke, L. H., & Bundon, A. (2009). From “The Thing to Do” to “Defying the Ravages of Age”: Older Women Reflect on the Use of Lipstick. Journal of Women & Aging, 21, 198-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952840903054757
[6]
Corrigan, P. (1997). The Sociology of Consumption. London: Sage Publications.
[7]
Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational Research. Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. London: Pearson Education.
[8]
Dağtaş, B., & Dağtaş, E. (2019). Tüketim Kültürü, Yaşam Tarzları, Boş Zamanlar ve Medya üzerine Bir Literatür Taraması. In B. Dağtaş, & E. Dağtaş (Eds.), Medya, Tüketim Kültürü ve Yaşam Tarzları (pp. 27-75). Ankara: ütopya Yayınevi.
[9]
Dittmar, H. (2008). Consumer Culture, Identity and Well-Being. The Search for the “Good Life” and the “Body Perfect”. New York: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203496305
[10]
Fiske, H. (2010). Understanding Popular Culture. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203837177
[11]
Guthrie, M., Kim, H. S., & Jung, J. (2008). The Effects of Facial Image and Cosmetic Usage on Perceptions of Brand Personality. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 12, 164-181. https://doi.org/10.1108/13612020810874863
[12]
Hoskins, T. E. (2014). Stitched Up. The Anti-Capitalist Book of Fashion. London: Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183p0z0
[13]
Huddlestone, P., & Stella, M. (2011). Consumer Behavior: Women and Shopping. New York: Business Expert Press. https://doi.org/10.4128/9781606491683
[14]
Iqani, M. (2012). Consumer Culture and the Media. Magazines in the Public Eye. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137272133
[15]
Jackson, T., & Shaw, D. (2009). Mastering Fashion Marketing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-09271-7
[16]
Jagger, E. (2000). Consumer Bodies. In P. Hancock (Ed.), The Body, Culture and Society (p. 46). Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.
[17]
Küçükerdoğan, R. (2009). Reklam Nasıl Çözümlenir? İstanbul: Beta Basım.
[18]
Live Japan Perfect Guide (2019). Red Lips, White Face: The Cultural History of Japanese Beauty. https://livejapan.com/en/in-tokyo/in-pref-tokyo/in-tokyo_train_station/article-a0001292
[19]
Madan, S., Basu, S., Ng, S., Ai, E., & Lim, C. (2018). Impact of Culture on the Pursuit of Beauty: Evidence from Five Countries. Journal of International Marketing, 26, 54-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069031X18805493
[20]
Maxwell, J. A. (2018). Nitel Araştırma Tasarımı. Etkileşimli Bir Yaklaşım (Translator: Mustafa Çevikbaş). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık.
[21]
McAllister, M. P. (2003). Is Commercial Culture Popular Culture? A Question for Popular Communication Scholars. Popular Communication, 1, 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15405710PC0101_6
[22]
Merriam, S. B. (2018). Nitel Araştırma Desen ve Uygulama İçin Bir Rehber (Translator: Selahattin Turan). Ankara: Atlas Akademik Basım Yayın Dağıtım.
[23]
Mooij, M. D. (2004). Consumer Behavior and Culture. Consequences for Global Marketing and Advertising. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
[24]
Nash, R., Fieldman, G., Hussey, T., Leveque, J. L., & Pineau, P. (2006). Cosmetics: They Influence More than Caucasian Female Facial Attractiveness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 493-504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00016.x
[25]
Odabaşı, Y. (1999). Tüketim Kültürü. Yetinen Toplumun Tüketim Topluma Dönüşümü. İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık.
[26]
Paterson, M. (2006). Consumption and Everyday Life. New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203001769
[27]
Pompper, D. (2017). Rhetoric of Femininity. Female Body Image, Media, and Gender Role Stress/Conflict. London: Lexington Books.
[28]
Reilly, A. (2014). Key Concepts for the Fashion Industry. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
[29]
Richardson, N., & Locks, A. (2014). Body Studies. New York: Routledge.
[30]
Rudd, N. A. (1997). Cosmetics Consumption and Use among Women: Ritualized Activities that Construct and Transform the Self. Journal of Ritual Studies, 11, 59-77.
[31]
Russell, R. (2012). Cosmetics Use: Psychological Perspectives. In T. Cash (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance (Vol. 1, pp. 366-371). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384925-0.00058-4
[32]
Schroeder, J. E. (2002). Visual Consumption. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203471630
[33]
Stillerman, J. (2015). The Sociology of Consumption. A Global Approach. Cambridge: Polity Press.
[34]
Strahle, J., & Hohls, R. (2018) Fashion and Music. Singapore: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5637-6
[35]
Yurchisin, J., & Johnson, K. K. P. (2010). Fashion and the Consumer. New York: Berg.