安全依恋启动对偏见的影响：启动方式、调节因素
Effects of Secure Attachment Priming on Intergroup Bias: Priming Methods and Moderating Factors

DOI: 10.12677/AP.2021.112046, PP. 403-413

Keywords: 安全依恋启动，偏见，启动方式，调节因素
Secure Attachment Priming, Bias, Priming Methods, Moderating Factors

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

随着安全依恋启动的积极效应已得到广泛地验证，现回顾以往采用不同安全依恋启动方式的研究，按照启动的情境、依恋风格和刺激材料是否能被意识到进行分类，发现了阈上安全依恋启动范式是现在关于依恋与偏见的研究中应用最广泛、最有效的启动方式。其次探讨了安全依恋启动对偏见作用过程中的调节因素，发现依恋风格、共情和威胁评估这些因素会影响安全依恋启动效应。未来的研究可以有针对性地创新安全依恋启动的方式，以及对安全依恋启动的内在机制进行更深入的探讨。
As the positive effects of secure attachment priming have been widely verified, a review of pre-vious studies using different secure attachment priming styles is now conducted to classify whether the priming context, attachment style and stimulus material can be recognized. It is found that the supraliminal secure attachment priming paradigm is the most widely used and effective priming method for bias research. Secondly, the moderating factors of secure attachment priming on intergroup bias are discussed, and it is found that attachment style, empathy and threat assessment will influence the secure attachment priming effect. Future research can be targeted to innovate the methods of secure attachment priming. And the inner mechanism of secure attachment priming should be discussed.

References

[1]	Fraley, R. C., & Davis, K. E. (1997). Attachment Formation and Transfer in Young Adults’ Close Friendships and Romantic Relationships. Personal Relationships, 4, 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00135.x
[2]	高承海, 万明钢(2018). 群际接触减少偏见的机制: 一项整合的研究. 心理科学, 41(4), 922-928.
[3]	Gabriel, S., Kawakami, K., Bartak, C., Kang, S. J., & Mann, N. (2010). Negative Self-Synchronization: Will I Change to Be Like You When It Is Bad for Me? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 857-871. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019272
[4]	Gillath, O., & Karantzas, G. (2018). Attachment Security Priming: A Systematic Review. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 86-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.03.001
[5]	郭薇, 陈旭, 杨楠(2011). 安全基地启动及其脑机制. 心理发展与教育, 7(5), 553-560.
[6]	Granqvist, P., Mikulincer, M., Gewirtz, V., & Shaver, P. R. (2012). Experimental Findings on God as an Attachment Figure: Normative Processes and Moderating Effects of Internal Working Models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 804-818.
[7]	贾成龙, 孙莉, 冯伯乐, 秦金亮(2020). 依恋启动及其效应. 心理科学进展, 28(9), 1539-1550.
[8]	Grau, I., & Doll, J. (2003). Effects of Attachment Styles on the Experience of Equity in Heterosexual Couples Relationships. Experimental Psychology, 50, 298-310. https://doi.org/10.1026//1618-3169.50.4.298
[9]	张庆垚(2017). 照料动机、依恋对外群体偏见的影响. 硕士学位论文, 西安: 陕西师范大学.
[10]	钟歆(2017). 依恋回避者安全依恋的形成条件及干预研究. 博士学位论文, 重庆: 西南大学.
[11]	Baldwin, M. W., Keelan, J. P. R., Fehr, B., Enns, V., & Koh-Rangarajoo, E. (1996). So-cial-Cognitive Conceptualization of Attachment Working Models: Availability and Accessibility Effects. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 71, 94-109. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.94
[12]	Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup Bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575-604. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135109
[13]	Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The Empathy Quotient: An Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism, and Normal Sex Differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 163-175. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00
[14]	Hofstra, J., Oudenhoven, J. P. V., & Buunk, B. P. (2005). Attachment Styles and Majority Members’ Attitudes towards Adaptation Strategies of Immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 601-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.05.009
[15]	Batson, C., & Ahmad, N. (2009). Using Empathy to Improve Intergroup Attitudes and Relations. Social Issues and Policy Review, 3, 141-177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2009.01013.x
[16]	Hudson, N. W., & Fraley, R. C. (2018). Moving toward Greater Security: The Effects of Repeatedly Priming Attachment Security and Anxiety. Journal of Research in Personality, 74, 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2018.04.002
[17]	Blair, I. V. (2002). The Malleability of Automatic Stereotypes and Prejudice. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 6, 242-261. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0603_8
[18]	Joireman, J. A., Lasane, T. P., Bennett, J., Richards, D., & Solaimani, S. (2001). Integrating Social Value Orientation and the Consideration of Future Consequences within the Extended Norm Activation Model of Proenvironmental Behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 133-155. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164731
[19]	Boag, E. M., & Carnelley, K. B. (2012). Self-Reported Dis-crimination and Discriminatory Behaviour: The Role of Attachment Security. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51, 393-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02065.x
[20]	Light, P. E. (2014). The Relationship of Attachment Patterns and Inter-Group Bias, Using Minimal Groups. Doctoral Dissertation, UC Merced.
[21]	Boag, E. M., & Carnelley, K. B. (2016). Attachment and Prejudice: The Mediating Role of Empathy. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55, 337-356. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12132
[22]	Luke, M. A., Sedikides, C., & Carnelley, K. (2012). Your Love Lifts Me Higher! The Energizing Quality of Secure Relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 721-733. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211436117
[23]	Ly, T. (2010). Relationship between Adult Attachment Styles, Hostile Attribution Bias and Aggression. Doctoral Dissertation, Greensboro: University of North Carolina.
[24]	Mallinckrodt, B. (2007). A Call to Broaden and Build Mikulincer and Shaver’s Work on the Benefits of Priming Attachment Security. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 168-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701512877
[25]	Mallinckrodt, B., McNett, A. M. S., Celebi, E., Birks, K. M., Tsai, C.-L., & Williams, B. E. (2013). Cognitive Primes for Attachment Security Can Increase Cultural Empathy, But Also Interact Negatively with Attachment Anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32, 1013-1039. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2013.32.10.1013
[26]	Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., Russell, J., & Clark-Carter, D. (1998). Security of Attachment as a Predictor of Symbolic and Mentalising Abilities: A Longitudinal Study. Social Development, 7, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00047
[27]	Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., Wainwright, R., Das Gupta, M., Fradley, E., & Tuckey, M. (2002). Maternal Mind-Mindedness and Attachment Security as Predictors of Theory of Mind Understanding. Child Development, 73, 1715-1726. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00501
[28]	Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2001). Attachment Theory and Intergroup Bias: Evidence That Priming the Secure Base Schema Attenuates Negative Reactions to Out-Groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 97. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.97
[29]	Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Boosting Attachment Security to Promote Mental Health, Prosocial Values, and Inter-Group Tolerance. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 139-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701512646
[30]	Mikulincer, M., Birnbaum, G., Woddis, D., & Nachmias, O. (2000). Stress and Accessibility of Proximity-Related Thoughts: Exploring the Normative and Intraindividual Components of Attachment Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 509-523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.509
[31]	Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., & Shaver, P. R. (2002). Activation of the Attachment System in Adulthood: Threat-Related Primes Increase the Accessibility of Mental Representations of Attachment Figures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 881. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.4.881
[32]	Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., Halevy, V., Avihou, N., Avidan, S., & Eshkoli, N. (2001). Attachment Theory and Reactions to Others’ Needs: Evidence That Activation of the Sense of Attachment Security Promotes Empathic Responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1205-1224. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1205
[33]	Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Rom, E. (2011). The Effects of Implicit and Explicit Security Priming on Creative Problem Solving. Cognition and Emotion, 25, 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.540110
[34]	Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Gillath, O., & Nitzberg, R. A. (2005). Attachment, Caregiving, and Altruism: Boosting Attachment Security Increases Compassion and Helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 817. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.817
[35]	Milyavskaya, M., McClure, M. J., Ma, D., Koestner, R., & Lydon, J. (2012). Attachment Moderates the Effects of Autonomy-Supportive and Controlling Interpersonal Primes on Intrinsic Motivation. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 44, 278. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025828
[36]	Ofan, R. H., Rubin, N., & Amodio, D. M. (2011). Seeing Race: N170 Responses to Race and Their Relation to Automatic Racial Attitudes and Controlled Processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 3153-3161. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00014
[37]	Rosenthal, H. E. S., Walsh, J., Crisp, R. J., Farrow, C. V., Waugh, M. J., Blissett, J., & Millings, A. (2012). Attachment Anxiety and Friendship Group Identification under Attachment Threat: The Moderating Role of Priming Support Network Expectations. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 562-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.035
[38]	Rowe, A. C., Carnelley, K. B., Harwood, J., Micklewright, D., Russouw, L., Rennie, C. L., & Liossi, C. (2012). The Effect of Attachment Orientation Priming on Pain Sensitivity in Pain-Free Individuals. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29, 488-507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407511431189
[39]	Sakaluk, J. K. (2014). Problems with Recall-Based Attachment Style Priming Paradigms: Exclusion Criteria, Sample Bias, and Reduced Power. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31, 888-906. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513508728
[40]	Saleem, M., Prot, S., Cikara, M., Lam, B., Anderson, C., & Jelic, M. (2015). Cutting Gordian Knots: Reducing Prejudice through Attachment Security. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 1560-1574. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215601829
[41]	Trusty, J., Ng, K. M., & Watts, R. E. (2005). Model of Effects of Adult Attachment on Emotional Empathy of Counseling Students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 83, 66-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00581.x
[42]	Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss: Volume I (pp. 1-401). London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
[43]	Bowlby, J. (1973a). Attachment and Loss. Educational Psychology in Practice.
[44]	Bowlby, J. (1973b). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 2: Separation, Anxiety and Anger. London: The Hogarth Press and The Institute of Psychoanalysis.
[45]	Bowles, D. P., & Meyer, B. (2008). Attachment Priming and Avoidant Personality Features as Predictors of Social-Evaluation Biases. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22, 72-88. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2008.22.1.72
[46]	Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-Report Measurement of Adult Attachment: An Integrative Overview.
[47]	Britton, P. C., & Fuendeling, J. M. (2005). The Relations among Varieties of Adult Attachment and the Components of Empathy. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 519-530. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.5.519-530
[48]	Canterberry, M., & Gillath, O. (2013). Neural Evidence for a Multifaceted Model of Attachment Security. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 88, 232-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.08.013
[49]	Carnelley, K. B., & Boag, E. M. (2019). Attachment and Prejudice. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 110-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.04.003
[50]	Carnelley, K. B., & Rowe, A. C. (2010). Priming a Sense of Security: What Goes through People’s Minds? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27, 253-261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509360901
[51]	Carr, S., & Landau, S. (2012). Consciously Identified Attachment Hierarchies: Cognitive Accessibility of Attachment Figure Names as a Function of Threat Primes in a Lexical Decision Task. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53, 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00916.x
[52]	Cassidy, J., Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., & Lavy, S. (2009). Experimentally Induced Security Influences Responses to Psychological Pain. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 28, 463-478. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2009.28.4.463
[53]	Cassidy, J., Stern, J. A., Mikulincer, M., Martin, D. R., & Shaver, P. R. (2018). Influences on Care for Others: Attachment Security, Personal Suffering, and Similarity between Helper and Care Recipient. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44, 574-588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217746150
[54]	Collins, N., Clark, C., & Shaver, P. (1996). Attachment Styles and Internal Working Models of Self and Relationship Partners. In G. J. O. Fletcher, & J. Fitness (Eds.), Knowledge Structures in Close Relationships: A Social Psychological Approach (pp. 25-61). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[55]	Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different Emotional Reactions to Different Groups: A Sociofunctional Threat-Based Approach to “Prejudice”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 770.
[56]	Dadds, M. R., Bovbjerg, D. H., Redd, W. H., & Cutmore, T. R. (1997). Imagery in Human Classical Conditioning. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 89. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.122.1.89
[57]	Davis, D., Soref, A., Villalobos, J. G., & Mikulincer, M. (2016). Priming States of Mind Can Affect Disclosure of Threatening Self-Information: Effects of Self-Affirmation, Mortality Salience, and Attachment Orientations. Law and Human Behavior, 40, 351-361. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000184
[58]	Devine, P. G., & Monteith, M. J. (1999). Automaticity and Control in Stereotyping.
[59]	Di Pentima, L., & Toni, A. (2009). Subtle, Blatant Prejudice and Attachment: A Study in Adolescent Age. Giornale di Psicologia, 3, 153-163.
[60]	Fonagy, P., Redfern, S., & Charman, T. (1997). The Relationship between Belief-Desire Reasoning and a Projective Measure of Attachment Security (SAT). British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15, 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.1997.tb00724.x
[61]	Wilkinson, L. L., Rowe, A. C., & Heath, G. H. (2013). Eating Me Up Inside: Priming Attachment Security and Anxiety, and Their Effects on Snacking. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30, 795-804. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512468371

Full-Text