本文选取这“X然”类描摹性副词作为研究对象。在基于语言事实的基础上，运用三个平面理论从共时角度对“公然、断然、毅然、贸然、喟然、凄然、悠然、淡然、愤然、欣然、默然、昂然、傲然、幡然、悄然、猛然”等“X然”类描摹性副词进行句法、语义、语用的分析，功能上主要修饰动词谓语中心作状语，有时可以加状语标记“地”，起到强化摹状的作用；语义上具有[述人] [描摹性] [具体情状义]的特征，在语义指向上，可以兼指动作者和动词谓语中心；由于“X然”类描摹性副词在句法搭配和语义上不同，其在语用色彩和语体分布上也存在差异。
This paper chooses the descriptive adverb of “X ran” as the research object. On the basis of lin-guistic facts, this paper applies the theory of three planes to analyze the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of the following “X Ran” words from the perspective of synchronic. These words mainly include “publicly, flatly, resolutely, rashly, the manner of sighing, mournful, carefree, cool, angrily, readily, silent, tops, proudly, suddenly awoke, quietly”. In terms of syntactic function, “X Ran” is mainly used to modify verbs and as an adverbial in sentences. Sometimes, you can put an adverbial “to” in sentences. “To” plays the role of strengthening description in the sentence. Semantically, it has the characteristics of [narrator] [description] [specific situation meaning], and in semantic direction, it can both signify the author and the verb predicate center. Due to the differences in syntactic collocation and word meaning of “X Ran” descriptive adverbs, there are also differences in pragmatic color and stylistic distribution.
