Energy demand overall the world increases rapidly
in various sectors, one of the highest energy consumption sector is the
building sector. Installation of PV systems is one of the solutions to cover
this demand and will serve in promoting energy efficiency in the Palestinian
municipalities in decreasing the electricity bill, and using the saved money in
constructing new projects and improving the level of services provided to
citizens. In this work, Al-Dahriya municipality has been taken as a case study.
The municipality installed 20 KW of photovoltaic panels on the roof of the main
building in 2015. The cumulative values for one year after installation the PV
system represent a total consumed electricity by the main building was 71,506 kw,
while the total generated power by the PV system that transferred to building
was 32,664 kw, and 5323 kw exported to the grid with total generated power by
PV system was 37,987 kw. The participation of energy that produced by the photovoltaic system is
53.12% of the total power demand of the building. The value of generated power
varies between the summer months and winter months through the difference of
the solar radiation intensity and the number of shinning hours, the largest
reading of solar radiation intensity is in the
summer months. The study ensures the importance of applying selected thermal
insulation materials in order to decrease the heat transfer through the
boundary wall of the building. Furthermore, this study covers the other
buildings and utilities of municipality and recommended with
References
[1]
Congress, U. (1992) Office of Technology Assessment, Building Energy Efficiency.
[2]
Gielen, D., Boshell, F., Saygin, D., Bazilian, M.D., Wagner, N. and Gorini, R. (2019) The Role of Renewable Energy in the Global Energy Transformation. Energy Strategy Reviews, 24, 38-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.01.006
[3]
Alsamamra, H., and Shoqier, J. (2020) Assessment of Wind Power Potential at Eastern-Jerusalem, Palestine. Open Journal of Energy Efficiency, 9, 131-149.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojee.2020.94009
[4]
Khaldi, Y.M. and Sunikka-Blank, M. (2020) Governing Renewable Energy Transition in Conflict Contexts: Investigating the Institutional Context in Palestine. Energy Transitions, 4, 69-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41825-020-00024-z
[5]
Vine, E. (2003) Opportunities for Promoting Energy Efficiency in Buildings as an Air Quality Compliance Approach. Energy, 28, 319-341.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-5442(02)00112-3
[6]
Vigna, I., Pernetti, R., Pasut, W. and Lollini, R. (2018) New Domain for Promoting Energy Efficiency: Energy Flexible Building Cluster. Sustainable Cities and Society, 38, 526-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.038
[7]
Allouhi, A., El Fouih, Y., Kousksou, T., Jamil, A., Zeraouli, Y. and Mourad, Y. (2015) Energy Consumption and Efficiency in Buildings: Current Status and Future Trends. Journal of Cleaner Production, 109, 118-130.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.139
[8]
Manfren, M., Caputo, P. and Costa, G. (2011) Paradigm Shift in Urban Energy Systems through Distributed Generation: Methods and Models. Applied Energy, 88, 1032-1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.10.018
[9]
Popescu, D., Bienert, S., Schützenhofer, C. and Boazu, R. (2012) Impact of Energy Efficiency Measures on the Economic Value of Buildings. Applied Energy, 89, 454-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.08.015
[10]
Maidment, C.D., Jones, C.R., Webb, T.L., Hathway, E.A. and Gilbertson, J.M. (2014) The Impact of Household Energy Efficiency Measures on Health: A Meta-Analysis. Energy Policy, 65, 583-593.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.054
[11]
Jayakumar, P. (2009) Resource Assessment Handbook. Asia and Pacific Center for Transfer of Technology of the United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP).
[12]
Ibrik, I.H. and Mahmoud, M.M. (2005) Energy Efficiency Improvement Procedures and Audit Results of Electrical, Thermal and Solar Applications in Palestine. Energy Policy, 33, 651-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2003.09.008
[13]
Meral, M.E. and Dincer, F. (2011) A Review of the Factors Affecting Operation and Efficiency of Photovoltaic Based Electricity Generation Systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2176-2184.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.01.010
[14]
Saidan, M., Albaali, A.G., Alasis, E. and Kaldellis, J.K. (2016) Experimental Study on the Effect of Dust Deposition on Solar Photovoltaic Panels in Desert Environment. Renewable Energy, 92, 499-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.02.031
[15]
Maghami, M.R., Hizam, H., Gomes, C., Radzi, M.A., Rezadad, M.I. and Hajighorbani, S. (2016) Power Loss Due to Soiling on Solar Panel: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, 1307-1316.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.044
[16]
Zaihidee, F.M., Mekhilef, S., Seyedmahmoudian, M. and Horan, B. (2016) Dust as an Unalterable Deteriorative Factor Affecting PV Panel’s Efficiency: Why and How. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 65, 1267-1278.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.068
[17]
Kontges, M., Kurtz, S., Packard, C., Jahn, U., Berger, K.A., Kato, K., Wohlgemuth, J., et al. (2014) Review of Failures of Photovoltaic Modules.
[18]
Fouad, M., Shihata, L.A. and Morgan, E.I. (2017) An Integrated Review of Factors Influencing the Performance of Photovoltaic Panels. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 1499-1511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.141
[19]
Flori, M., Putan, V. and Vilceanu, L. (2017) Using the Heat Flow Plate Method for Determining Thermal Conductivity of Building Materials. The IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 163, Article ID: 012018.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/163/1/012018
[20]
Khitab, A. (2016) Classical Building Materials. IGI Global, Hershey.
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0344-6.ch001
[21]
WiKi, D.B. (2020) Thermal Conductivity of Building Materials.
[22]
www.hikersbay.com (2018) Average Monthly Temperature of Al-Dahriya Town.
[23]
Taras, V. (2017) Foreign Energy Trading as a Factor of Economic Security of Ukraine. Strategic Priorities, 43, 113-119.
[24]
Abu-Jdayil, B., Mourad, A.-H., Hittini, W., Hassan, M. and Hameedi, S. (2019) Traditional, State-of-the-Art and Renewable Thermal Building Insulation Materials: An Overview. Construction and Building Materials, 214, 709-735.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.102
[25]
Schiavoni, S., Bianchi, F. and Asdrubali, F. (2016) Insulation Materials for the Building Sector: A Review and Comparative Analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 988-1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.045
[26]
Al-zubaidy, A. (2013) Small Size Office Building Construction Layers for External Wall.
[27]
Jackson, J. (2010) Promoting Energy Efficiency Investments with Risk Management Decision Tools. Energy Policy, 38, 3865-3873.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.006
[28]
Painuly, J.P., Park, H., Lee, M.-K. and Noh, J. (2003) Promoting Energy Efficiency Financing and ESCOs in Developing Countries: Mechanisms and Barriers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 11, 659-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00111-7
[29]
Tan, B., Yavuz, Y., Otay, E.N. and Camlibel, E. (2016) Optimal Selection of Energy Efficiency Measures for Energy Sustainability of Existing Buildings. Computers & Operations Research, 66, 258-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2015.01.013
[30]
Connolly, D., Lund, H., Mathiesen, B.V., Werner, S., Moller, B., Persson, U. and Nielsen, S. (2014) Heat Roadmap Europe: Combining District Heating with Heat Savings to Decarbonise the EU Energy System. Energy Policy, 65, 475-489.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.035