Visceral adiposity mediates insulin resistance, but their association among adults with prediabetes is scarce in the literature. This study is aimed to determine the association of visceral adiposity index (VAI) with insulin resistance in adults with prediabetes. This cross-sectional study was done among 117 adults with newly detected prediabetes [m/f; 23/94; mean ± SD: Age 36.30 ± 9.99 years, BMI 28.89 ± 4.35 kg/m2] based on American Diabetes Association 2018 criteria and 141 matched healthy controls [m/f: 28/113; mean ± SD: 35.30 ± 6.88 years, BMI 25.03 ± 4.58]. Waist circumference, body mass index, fasting triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, fasting blood glucose and insulin were measured in each group to calculate VAI and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). People with prediabetes had significantly higher median value of VAI {3.08 (2.26) vs. 1.86 (2.31); p < 0.001} with higher frequency of high VAI (>1) (98.3% vs. 85.8%; p < 0.001) than the control population. HOMA-IR level was significantly higher in prediabetes with high VAI (cut-off of 2.64) than control with normal VAI [2.78 (2.22, 4.15) vs. 2.20 (1.53, 3.36); p = 0.002]. VAI was positively correlated with HOMA-IR in females with prediabetes (r = 0.299, p = 0.003). VAI had predictive association with prediabetes [OR (95% CI: 9.504 (2.173, 41.576); p = 0.03] and high insulin resistance (HOMA-IR ≥ 2.6) in females with prediabetes [OR (95% CI) = 3.50 (1.476, 8.297); p = 0.004] only. It could satisfactorily discriminate prediabetes in both sexes (male: AUC = 0.767, p = 0.001; female: AUC = 0.641, p < 0.001) and high insulin resistance in females with prediabetes (AUC = 0.641; p = 0.019) only. So, VAI was associated with prediabetes and insulin resistance only in females with prediabetes.
American Diabetes Association (2018) 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care, 41, S13-S27. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-S002
[3]
Hardy, O.T., Czech, M.P. and Corvera, S. (2012) What Causes the Insulin Resistance Underlying Obesity? Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes and Obesity, 19, 81-87. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e3283514e13
[4]
Amato, M.C., Giordano, C., Galia, M., Criscimanna, A., Vitabile, S., Midiri, M. and Galluzzo, A. (2010) Visceral Adiposity Index: A Reliable Indicator of Visceral Fat Function Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk. Diabetes Care, 33, 920-922. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-1825
[5]
Štěpánek, L., Horáková, D., Cibičková, Ľ., Vaverková, H., Karásek, D., Nakládalová, M. and Zapletalová, J. (2019) Can Visceral Adiposity Index Serve as a Simple Tool for Identifying Individuals with Insulin Resistance in Daily Clinical Practice? Medicina, 55, 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55090545
[6]
Lear, S.A., Humphries, K.H., Kohli, S., Chockalingam, A., Frohlich, J.J. and Birmingham, C.L. (2007) Visceral Adipose Tissue Accumulation Differs According to Ethnic Background: Results of the Multicultural Community Health Assessment Trial (M-CHAT). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 86, 353-359. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.2.353
[7]
Parveen, S., Ayub, T.E., Haq, T., Nahar, N., Manbub, N., Islam, F., Aktar, F. and Aziz, M. (2020) Association of Visceral Adiposity Index with Insulin Resistance in Adults with Diabetes Mellitus. IMC Journal of Medical Science, 14, 5-12. https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i1.47382
[8]
World Health Organization (2008) Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44583/9789241501491_eng.pdf?sequence=1
[9]
Kaplan, A. and Glucose, K. (1984) ClinChem. C.V. Mosby Co., St Louis, Toronto, Princeton, 436 p.
[10]
World Health Organization (2000) The Asia-Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and Its Treatment. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/206936
[11]
Alberti, K.G.M.M., Eckel, R.H., Grundy, S.M., Zimmet, P.Z., Cleeman, J.I., Donato, K.A., Fruchart, J-C., James, W.P.T., Loria, C.M. and Smith Jr., S.C. (2009) Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome: A Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation, 120, 1640-1645. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644
[12]
Matthews, D.R., Hosker, J.P., Rudenski, A.S., Naylor, B.A., Treacher, B.F. and Turner, R.C. (1985) Homeostasis Model Assessment: Insulin Resistance and β-Cell Function from Fasting Plasma Glucose and Insulin Concentrations in Man. Diabetologia, 28, 412-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00280883
[13]
Bhowmik, B., Siddiquee, T., Mujumder, A., Rajib, M.M.R., Das, C.K., Khan, M.I., Khan, A.K.A. and Hussain, A. (2016) Identifying Insulin Resistance by Fasting Blood Samples in Bangladeshi Population with Normal Blood Glucose. Journal of Diabetes, 7, 4.
[14]
Yang, Y., Feng, Y., Ma, X., Chen, K., Wu, N., Wang, D., Li, P., Wang, M., Li, Q. and Zhang, J. (2015) Visceral Adiposity Index and Insulin Secretion and Action in First-Degree Relatives of Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 31, 315-321. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2615
[15]
Zheng, S., Shi, S., Ren, X., Han, T., Li, Y., Chen. Y., Liu, W., Hou, P.C. and Yaomin, H. (2016) Triglyceride Glucose-Waist Circumference, a Novel and Effective Predictor of Diabetes in First-Degree Relatives of Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Cross-Sectional and Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Translational Medicine, 14, Article No. 260. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-016-1020-8
[16]
Nusrianto, R., Ayundini, G., Kristanti, M., Astrella, C., Amalina, N., Muhadi, Riyadina, W., Tahapary, D.L. and Soewondo. P. (2019) Visceral Adiposity Index and Lipid Accumulation Product as a Predictor of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Bogor Cohort Study of Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 155, Article ID: 107798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107798
[17]
Kumpatla, S., Michael, C. and Viswanathan, V. (2011) Visceral Adiposity Index and Pattern of Dyslipidaemia at Different Stages of Glucose Intolerance—A Study from India. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 5, 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2012.05.003
[18]
Chen, C., Xu, Y., Guo, Z.-R., Yang, J., Wu, M. and Hu, X.S. (2014) The Application of VAI in Identifying type 2 Diabetes Risks Based on a Prospective Cohort in China. Lipids in Health and Disease, 13, Article No. 108. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-13-108
[19]
Brahimaj, A., Rivadeneira, F., Muka, T., Sijbrands, E.J., Franco, O.H., Dehghan, A. and Kavousi, M. (2019) Novel Metabolic Indices and Incident Type 2 Diabetes among Women and Men: The Rotterdam Study. Diabetologia, 62, 1581-1590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-4921-2
[20]
Fiorentino, T.V., Marini, M.A., Succurro, E., Andreozzi, F. and Sesti, G. (2019) Relationships of Surrogate Indexes of Insulin Resistance with Insulin Sensitivity Assessed by Euglycemic Hyperinsulinemic Clamp and Subclinical Vascular Damage. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 7, e000911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000911
[21]
Liu, P.J., Ma, F., Lou, H.P. and Chen, Y. (2016) VAI Is Associated with Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Adults Aged 20-50. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 68, 235-243. https://doi.org/10.1159/000446121
[22]
Samuel, V.T., Petersen, K.F. and Shulman, G.I. (2010) Lipid-Induced Insulin Resistance: Unravelling the Mechanism. Lancet, 375, 2267-2277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60408-4
[23]
Du, T., Yuan, G., Zhang, M., Zhou, X., Sun, X. and Yu, X. (2014) Clinical Usefulness of Lipid Ratios, Visceral Adiposity Indicators, and the Triglycerides and Glucose Index as Risk Markers of Insulin Resistance. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 13, Article No. 146. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-014-0146-3
[24]
Gu, D., Ding, Y., Zhao, Y. and Qu, Q. (2018) Visceral Adiposity Index was a Useful Predictor of Prediabetes. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 126, 596-603. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-120440
[25]
Ahn, N., Baumeister, S.E., Amann, U., Rathmann, W., Peters, A., Huth, C., Thorand, B. and Meisinger, C. (2019) Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI), Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP), and Product of Triglycerides and Glucose (TyG) to Discriminate Prediabetes and Diabetes. Scientific Reports, 9, Article No. 9693. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46187-8
