Does the Penrose Suggestion as to Black Holes from a Prior Universe Showing Up in Today’s Universe Have Credibility? Examined from a Singular, and Nonsingular Beginning of Cosmological Expansion
We examine if there are grounds to entertain the Penrose suggestion as to black holes from a prior cycle of creation appearing in the present cosmos. There are two cases to consider. One a singular start to the Universe or as Karen Freeze and others have modeled a non-singular start. The two cases are different and touch upon the limits of validity of the Penrose singularity theorem. We will first of all state the two cases, singular and nonsingular, and then afterwards, briefly allude to the Penrose singularity theorem. The plausibility of the singular cosmological expansion start point w case analysis of Black holes from a prior universe will be discussed first Afterwards, a synopsis of the Penrose singularity theorem. After that, the Nonsingular case of a starting point of the expansion of the Universe will be entertained and described. Since the nonsingular start to the expansion of the Universe is not so well known, a considerable amount of space will be spent upon what I view as mathematical constructions allowing for its analysis. About the only way to ascertain these cases will be by GW astronomy, hence the details of GW production from the early Universe will be covered in excruciating detail. The methodology for that section is simple. Use a construction for a minimal time-step, then from there get emergent space-time conditions for a bridge from a nonsingular start to the universe, to potential Quantum gravity conditions. Our Methodology is to construct using a “trivial” solution to massive gravitons, and a nonsingular start for expansion of the universe. Our methodology has many unintended consequences, not the least is a relationship between a small timestep, which is called t, and then the minimum scale factor and even the tension or property values of the initial space-time wall, all of which are a consequence of a “trivial” solution taking into account “massive” gravitons. From there we next will in future articles postulate conditions for experimental detectors for subsequent data sets to obtain falsifiable data sets. Finally upon doing this, the outlines of the way to ascertain data sets as to either falsify or confirm the Penrose suggestion will be the final concluding part of the manuscript.
References
[1]
Popławski, N.J. (2020) Black Hole Genesis and Origin of Cosmic Acceleration. https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.02173
[2]
An, D., Meissner, K.A., Nurowski, P. and Penrose, R. (2020) Apparent Evidence for Hawking Points in the CMB Sky. arXiv:1808.01740. https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.01740
[3]
Rafi, L. (2018) Physicists Think They’ve Spotted the Ghosts of Black Holes from Another Universe. https://www.livescience.com/63392-black-holes-from-past-universes.html
[4]
Kamionkowski, M. and Kovetz, E.D. (2016) The Quest for B Modes from Inflationary Gravitational Waves. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 54, 227-269. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023433 https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023433
[5]
Jeong, D.H. and Kamionkowski, M. (2020) Gravitational Waves, CMB Polarization, and the Hubble Tension. Physical Review Letters, 124, Article ID: 041301 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.041301 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.06100.pdf
[6]
José, M., Senovilla, M. and Garfinkle, David (2015) The 1965 Penrose singularity theorem. https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.5226
[7]
Klinkhamer, F.R. (2020) More on the Regularized Big Bang Singularity. Physical Review D, 101, Article ID: 064029. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.064029 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.06547.pdf
[8]
Zeldovich, Y.B. (1979) Cosmology and the Early Universe. In: Hawking, S. and Israel, W., Eds., General Relativity, An Einstein Century Survey, Cambridge University Press, New York City, 518-532.
[9]
Naselsky, P.D., Novikov, D. and Novikov, I. (2006) The Physics of the Cosmic Microwave Background. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511536373
[10]
Clifford, W. (2018) Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics. 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York City.
[11]
Roman, T.A. (1986) Quantum Stress-Energy Tensors and the Weak Energy Condition. Physical Review D, 33, 3526-3533. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.33.3526
[12]
Hawking, S.W. (1994) The Nature of Space and Time. https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9409195
[13]
Maciej, D. (2014) Cosmic Jerk and Snap in Penrose’s CCC Model. https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.7237
[14]
Hindmarsh, M.B., Lüben, M., Lumma, J. and Pauly, M. (2020) Phase Transitions in the Early Universe. https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.09136
[15]
Dodelson, S. and Schmitz, F. (2021) Modern Cosmology. 2nd Edition, Academic Press, Cambridge.
[16]
Giovannini, M. (1999) Production and Detection of Relic Gravitions in Quintesential Inflationary Models. Physical Review D, 60, Article ID: 123511. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.60.123511 https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.60.123511
[17]
Low, H.B. and Xiong, C. (2018) Fantasia of a Superfluid Universe, as Part of the Special Volume Put out by World Scientific entitled—In Memory of Kerson Huang. World Scientific, Memorial Volume for Kerson Huang, 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813207431_0010
[18]
Huang, K., Low, H.B. and Tung, R.S. (2012) Scalar Field Cosmology II: Superfluidity, Quantum Turbulence, and Inflation. International Journal of Modern Physics A, 27, Article ID: 1250154. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217751X12501540
[19]
Huang, K. (2017) A Superfluid Universe. World Scientific, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1142/10249
[20]
Frolov, V. and Zelnikov, A. (2011) Introduction to Black Holes. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199692293.001.0001
[21]
Kieffer, C. (2007) Quantum Gravity. 2nd Edition, Oxford Scientific Publications, New York.
[22]
Collins, P.D.B., Martin, A.D. and Squires, E.J. (1989) Particle Physics and Cosmology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
[23]
Thanu, P. (2006) An Invitation to Astrophysics. Vol. 8, World Press Scientific, Singapore.
[24]
Tolley, A.J. (2015) Cosmological Applications of Massive Gravity. In: Papantonopoulos, E., Ed., Modifications of Einstein’s Theory of Gravity at large distances, Vol. 892 Springer, Cham, 203-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10070-8_8
[25]
D’Amico, G., de Rham, C., Dubosvsky, S., Gabadadze, G., Pirtskhalava, D. and Tolley, A.J. (2011) Massive Cosmologies. Physical Review D, 84, Article ID: 124046. https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.5231 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.84.124046
[26]
Press, W.H., Teukolsky, S.A., Vetterling, W.T. and Flannery, B.P. (2007) Chapter 4. Integration of Functions. In: Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York.
[27]
Natário, J. (2006) Relativity and Singularities—A Short Introduction for Mathematicians. Resenhas, 6, 309-335.
[28]
Barrow, J.D. and Tipler, F.J. (1986) The Anthropic Cosmological Principle. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[29]
Tegmark, M. (1997). On the Dimensionality of Spacetime. Classical and Quantum Gravity, 14, L69-L75. https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/14/4/002
[30]
Freeze, K., Brown, M. and Kinney, W. (2012) The Phantom Bounce, A New Proposal for an Oscillating Cosmology. In: Mercini-Houghton, L, and Vaas, R., Eds., The Arrows of Time, Vol. 172, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23259-6_7
[31]
Ashtekar, A. (2020) Quantum Gravity in the Sky? Alleviating Tensions in the CMB Using Planck Scale Physics. http://www.icranet.org/images/stories/Meetings/ZM4/presentations/Ashtekar.pdf
[32]
Abhay, A., Brajesh, G., Jeong, D.H. and Sreenath, V. (2020) Alleviating the Tension in the Cosmic Microwave Background Using Planck-Scale Physics. Physical Review Letters, 125, Article ID: 051302. https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.11689
[33]
Beckwith, A. (2020) How to Obtain a Mass of a Graviton, and Does This Methodology Lead to Voids? Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 6, 416-439. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2020.63032
[34]
Klauder, J. (2015) Enhanced Quantization, Particles, Fields & Gravity. World Press Scientific, Hackensack. https://doi.org/10.1142/9452
[35]
Freese, K., Rindler-Daller, T., Spolyar, D. and Valluri, M. (2016) Dark Stars: A Review. Reports on Progress in Physics, 79, Article ID: 066902. https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/79/6/066902 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/79/6/066902
[36]
Li, M., Li, X.-D., Wang, S. and Wang, Y. (2015) Dark Energy. Peking University Press-World Scientific, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1142/9293
Hamber, H.W., Toriumi, R. and Williams, R.M. (2012) Wheeler-DeWitt Equation in 2+1 Dimensions. Physical Review D, 86, Article ID: 084010. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.86.084010
[39]
Peebles, P.J.E. and Ratra, B. (2003) The Cosmological Constant and Dark Energy. Reviews of Modern Physics, 75, 559-606. https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0207347 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.75.559
[40]
Ruchika, C.S. and Sen, A.A. (2004) Model Independent Constraints on Dark Energy Evolution from Low-Redshift Observations. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.03943.pdf
[41]
Visser, M. (2004) Jerk, Snap, and the Cosmological Equation of State. Classical and Quantum Gravity, 21, 2603-2616. https://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/0309109.pdf https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/21/11/006
[42]
Beckwith, A. (2019) Identifying a Kaluza Klein Treatment of a Graviton Permitting a Deceleration Parameter q(z) as an Alternative to Standard DE. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 5, 193-217. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2019.51011
[43]
Cohen-Tannoudji, C., Diu, B. and Laloë, F. (1996) Quantum Mechanics. Wiley, New York. 231-233.
[44]
Novello, M. (2005) The Mass of the Graviton and the Cosmological Constant Puzzle. https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0504505
[45]
Corda, C. (2008) Primordial Production of Massive Relic Gravitational Waves from a Weak Modification of General Relativity. Astroparticle Physics, 30, 209-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2008.09.003 https://arxiv.org/abs/0812.0483
[46]
Ahmedov, H. and Aliev, A.N. (2011) More on New Massive Gravity: Exact Solutions. Physical Review Letters, 106, Article ID: 021301. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.021301 https://arxiv.org/abs/1006.4264
[47]
Li, F.-Y., Wen, H., Fang, Z.-Y., Li, D. and Zhang, T.-J. (2018) Electromagnetic Counterparts of High-Frequency Gravitational Waves Having Additional Polarization States: Distinguishing and Probing Tensor-Mode, Vector-Mode and Scalar-Mode Gravitons. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.00766.pdf
[48]
Mukhanov, V. (2005) Physical Foundations of Cosmology. Cambridge University Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790553
[49]
Barros, B.J. and Lobo, F.S.N. (2018) Wormhole Geometries Supported by Three-Form Fields. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.10488.pdf
[50]
Penrose, R. (2012) Cycles of Time: An Extrardinary New View of the Universe. Vintage, New York.
[51]
Poplawski, N. (2011) Cosmological Constant from QCD Vacuum and Torsion. Annalen der Physik, 523, 291-295. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.201000162 http://arxiv.org/abs/1005.0893v1
[52]
Dye, H. (1965) On the Ergodic Mixing Theorem. http://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1965-118-00/S0002-9947-1965-0174705-8/S0002-9947-1965-0174705-8.pdf
[53]
Starobinsky, A.A. (1980) A New Type of Isotropic Cosmological Models without Singularity. Physics Letters B, 91, 99-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(80)90670-X
[54]
Overduin, J. and Wesson, P.S. (2008) The Light Dark Universe, Light from Galaxies, Dark Matter and Dark Energy. World Scientific, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1142/7001
[55]
Hajian, A. (2010) Are There Echoes From The Pre-Big Bang Universe? A Search for Low Variance Circles in the CMB Sky. The Astrophysical Journal, 740, 52. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/740/2/52
[56]
DeAbreu, A., Contreras, D. and Scott, D. (2015) Searching for Concentric Low Variance Circles in the Cosmic Microwave Background. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 2015, 031. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/12/031
[57]
Gurzadyan, V.G. and Penrose, R. (2010) More on the Low Variance Circles in CMB Sky. arXiv:1012.1486.
[58]
Gurzadyan, V.G. and Penrose, R. (2016) CCC and the Fermi Paradox. The European Physical Journal Plus, 131, Article No. 11. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2016-16011-1
[59]
Gurzadyan, V.G. and Penrose, R. (2013) On CCC-Predicted Concentric Low-Variance Circles in the CMB Sky. The European Physical Journal Plus, 128, Article No. 22. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2013-13022-4
[60]
Jow, D.L. and Scott, D. (2020) Re-Evaluating Evidence for Hawking Points in the CMB. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 2020, 021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/03/021
[61]
Roger, P. (2006) Hawking Points in the Cosmic Microwave Background—A Challenge to the Concept of Inflation.
[62]
Beckwith, A. (2014) Analyzing Black Hole Super-Radiance Emission of Particles/Energy from a Black Hole as a Gedankenexperiment to Get Bounds on the Mass of a Graviton. Advances in High Energy Physics, 2014, Article ID: 230713. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/230713
[63]
Penrose, R. (2011) Cycles of Time—An Extraordinary New View of the Universe. Vintage, New York.
[64]
Ng, Y. (2008) Spacetime Foam: From Entropy and Holography to Infinite Statistics and Nonlocality. Entropy, 10, 441-461. https://doi.org/10.3390/e10040441
