The study is to identify trends and levels of antibiotic resistance of some common Gram-negative strains over time. The samples were collected from Vietnam Military Hospital 103 between 2014 and 2019. A total of 405 Acinetobacter baumannii., 528 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 741 Escherichia coli, and 352 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility was by Vitek system and Etest method. The multi-drug resistance (MDR) was major proportion of four common bacteria. In particular, there is a tendency to shift from MDR to Extended drug resistance (XDR) or possibly Pan drug resistant (pPDR). A. baumannii had the highest level of antibiotic resistance, namely, carbapenem (61.5% - 82.5%) and cephalosporin (72.7% - 88.7%). P. aeruginosa resisted most of commonly antibiotics, ranging from 50% to 70%. E. coli had a high resistance with antibiotics like ampicillin (87.2% - 97.6%) and the 3rd generation cephalosporins (up to 79.6%). K. pneumoniae resisted carbapenem from 14.7% to 44.4%, and other antibiotics with the higher rate of 40%. The collected data will be a prerequisite for further studies on mechanisms and factors related to antibiotic resistant bacteria, in order to find out a rational and effective using strategy of antibiotics.
References
[1]
Daxboeck, F., Budic, T., Assadian, O., Reich, M. and Koller, W. (2006) Economic Burden Associated with Multi-Resistant Gram-Negative Organisms Compared with That for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a University Teaching Hospital. Journal of Hospital Infection, 62, 214-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2005.07.009
[2]
WHO (2017) Global Priority List of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery, and Development of Antibiotics. Geneva.
[3]
Zhen, X., Lundborg, C.S., Sun, X., Hu, X. and Dong, H. (2019) Economic Burden of Antibiotic Resistance in ESKAPE Organisms: A Systematic Review. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 8, 137. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-019-0590-7
[4]
Nhung, P.H. (2018) Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Situation of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated at Intensive Care Unit and Respiratory Center of Bach Mai Hospital, 2012-2016. Clinical Medicine Journal, 101, 43-50.
[5]
Phu, V.D., Wertheim, H.F., Larsson, M., Nadjm, B., Dinh, Q.D., Nilsson, L.E., Rydell, U., Le, T.T., Trinh, S.H., Pham, H.M., Tran, C.T., Doan, H.T., Tran, N.T., Le, N.D., Huynh, N.V., Tran, T.P., Tran, B.D., Nguyen, S.T., Pham, T.T., Dang, T.Q., Nguyen, C.V., Lam, Y.M., Thwaites, G., Van Nguyen, K. and Hanberger, H. (2016) Burden of Hospital Acquired Infections and Antimicrobial Use in Vietnamese Adult Intensive Care Units. PLoS ONE, 11, e0147544. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147544
[6]
Morfin, O.R., Noriega, E.R. and Dowzicky, M.J. (2015) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Trends among Gram-Positive and -Negative Clinical Isolates Collected between 2005 and 2012 in Mexico: Results from the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 14, 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-015-0116-y
MOH (2017) Practical Guidelines for Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Techniques. Medical Publishing, Hanoi.
[9]
Nimer, N.A., Al-Saa’da, R.J. and Abuelaish, O. (2016) Accuracy of the VITEK(R) 2 System for a Rapid and Direct Identification and Susceptibility Testing of Gramnegative Rods and Gram-Positive Cocci in Blood Samples. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 22, 193-200. https://doi.org/10.26719/2016.22.3.193
[10]
Nachnani, S., Scuteri, A., Newman, M.G., Avanessian, A.B. and Lomeli, S.L. (1992) E-Test: A New Technique for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Periodontal Microorganisms. Journal of Periodontology, 63, 576-583. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1992.63.7.576
[11]
CLSI (2018) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
[12]
Magiorakos, A.P., Srinivasan, A., Carey, R.B., Carmeli, Y., Falagas, M.E., Giske, C.G., Harbarth, S., Hindler, J.F., Kahlmeter, G., Olsson, L.B., Paterson, D.L., Rice, L.B., Stelling, J., Struelens, M.J., Vatopoulos, A., Weber, J.T. and Monnet, D.L. (2012) Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug-Resistant and Pandrug-Resistant Bacteria: An International Expert Proposal for Interim Standard Definitions for Acquired Resistance. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 18, 268-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x
[13]
Japan, N. I. o. I. D. (2019) Annual Open Report 2018. Japan Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (JANIS).
[14]
Gonzalez, E.G., Otero, R.M., Olazaran, S.M., Ibarias, P.B., Trevino, S.F., Noriega, E.R., de Leon, A.P., Francia, D.S., Cendejas, R.F., Escalante, S.A., Acosta, C.V., Larios, F.R., Quintanilla, L.J., Anicacio, J.Y.M., Miranda, R.M., Cantu, H.L.O., Choel, A.G., Sanchez, J.L.J., Ben¹tez, L.K.A., Guzman, J.M.F., Lopez, C.D.P., May, C.A.C., Jaimes, A.M., Narvaez, E.G.V., Zuno, J.R., Garay, R.R., Espinoza, A.G., Ramirez, A.M., Mora, J.P., Rojas, R.E.C., Ovilla, I.L., Colin, V.A.M., Magallon, J.M.B., De laPena, C.T.M., Burciaga, E.A., Ram¹rez, M.C., Garc¹a, A.A.R., Ayala, M.T., Rodr¹guez, S.S., Vega, B.A.P., Rodr¹guez, A.N., Velazquez, G.E.J., Umana, C.M.C., Ram¹rez, J.P.M., Oviedo, J.C., Mendez, M.I.M., Romero, D.R., Mej¹a, A.A., Canul, D.I.C., Orozco, G.A., Sanchez, J.S. and Ortiz, A.C. (2019) A Snapshot of Antimicrobial Resistance in Mexico. Results from 47 Centers from 20 States during a Six-Month Period. PLoS ONE, 14, e0209865. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209865
[15]
Gill, J.S., Arora, S., Khanna, S.P. and Kumar, K.H. (2016) Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug-Resistant, and Pandrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a Tertiary Level Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, 8, 155-159. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-777X.192962
[16]
An, V.D. (2018) The Situation of Pneumonia Related to Mechanical Ventilation at the Intensive Care Unit of Military Hospital 175. Ho Chi Minh Medical Journal, 22, 55-61.
[17]
Bao, N.T., Nhi, L.T.A.P., Nga, V.T.T., Linh, D.T.D. and Binh, D.T. (2018) Gram-Negative Bacilli Do Not Ferment Sugars in Bacterial Infections and Antibiotic Resistance. Medicine City Ho Chi Minh, 2, 22.
[18]
Ngo, T.V., Thao, P.T.N. and Nga, T.T.T. (2017) Survey on Resistance Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii Causing Pneumonia in Hospital. Ho Chi Minh City Medical Association, Ho Chi Minh City, 61-64.
[19]
Unit IaB (2017). Nation Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance Report 2017. Infectious Diseases Research Centre Institute for Medical Research: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[20]
Lan, N.N., Nga, C.M. and Kieu, N.T.T. (2018) Resistance of Pathogenic Bacteria Is Often Found in Lower Respiratory Tract Specimens at the Ho Chi Minh University Hospital City for a Year (May 1, 2016-April 30, 2017). Ho Chi Minh Medical Journal, 22, 382-389.
[21]
Nghi, N.V. (2017) The Situation of Antibiotic Resistance of Common Bacterial Strains in Ninh Thuan Hospital since 2017. Time of Medicine, December, 40-46.
[22]
Liu, C., Yoon, E.J., Kim, D., Shin, J.H., Shin, J.H., Shin, K.S., Kim, Y.A., Uh, Y., Kim, H.S., Kim, Y.R. and Jeong, S.H. (2019) Antimicrobial Resistance in South Korea: A Report from the Korean Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (Kor-GLASS) for 2017. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, 25, 845-859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2019.06.010
[23]
DANMAP (2018) Use of Antimicrobial Agents and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Food Animals, Food and Humans in Denmark. National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark.
[24]
Huyen, M.N.T., Nguyen, D.D. and Lan, N.H. (2018) The Common Bacteria and Their Antibiotic Resistance at Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital from 11/2016 to 11/2017. Ho Chi Minh Medical Journal, 22, 196-200.
[25]
Wang, C., Yuan, Z., Huang, W., Yan, L., Tang, J. and Liu, C.W. (2019) Epidemiologic Analysis and Control Strategy of Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection in Intensive Care Units in a Teaching Hospital of People’s Republic of China. Infection and Drug Resistance, 12, 391-398. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S189154
