This study examined the employees’ attributions for their subjectively perceived interpersonal relationships with their colleagues as best or worst, and the role of dispositional forgiveness (self, other, situations) in predicting the perceived quality and the attributions of the same interpersonal relationships, as well as the extent to which life satisfaction and work satisfaction were predictive of the same appraisals of the relationships. The participants were 200 secondary school teachers, of both genders, who were members of the current organization for at least 2 years. The results revealed that 1) the best interpersonal relationships were mainly attributed to internal, personal controllable, stable and self-colleague controllable factors, whereas the worst interpersonal relationships were predominately attributed to external, personal uncontrollable and colleagues’ controllable factors, and mainly locus of causality discriminated the two groups of relationships, 2) employees who were higher forgiving (mainly, situations) enjoyed more their best- and suffered less their worst-colleaguing relationships than the employees who were comparatively lower in forgiving 3) high forgiving teachers made adaptive attributional appraisals for the worst and, particularly, best interpersonal relationships, 4) the valence of the prediction of forgiveness of self, of other and of situations varied between and within the attributional dimensions as well as it varied between and within worst and best interpersonal relationships and 5) relative to forgiveness, life satisfaction, and, particularly, work satisfaction were weak predictors of the appraisals of the colleaguing relationships, mainly in the worst. Implication of these results in workplace and personal well-being are discussed.
References
[1]
Aldrup, K., Klusmann, U., & Lüdtke, O. (2017). Does Basic Need Satisfaction Mediate the Link between Stress Exposure and Well-Being? A Diary Study among Beginning Teachers. Learning and Instruction, 50, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.11.005
[2]
Allemand, M., Hill, P. L., Ghaemmaghami, P., & Martin, M. (2012). Forgivingness and Subjective Well-Being in Adulthood: The Moderating Role of Future Time Perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.11.004
[3]
Aquino, K., Grover, S.L., Goldman, B., & Folger, R. (2003). When Push Doesn’t Come to Shove. Journal of Management Inquiry, 12, 209-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492603256337
[4]
Aquino, K., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2001). How Employees Respond to Personal Offense: The Effects of Blame Attribution, Victim Status, and Offender Status on Revenge and Reconciliation in the Workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 52-59. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.52
[5]
Argyle, M. (2001). Social Relationships. In M. Hewstone, W. Stroebe, J. P. Codol, & G. M. Stepheson (Eds.), Introduction to Social Psychology (pp. 222-245). Oxford: Blackwell.
[6]
Aspinwall, L. G., & Staudinger, U. M. (2003). A Psychology of Human Strengths: Some Central Issues of an Emerging Field. In L. G. Aspinwall, & U. M. Staudinger (Eds.), A Psychology of Human Strengths: Fundamental Questions and Future Directions for a Positive Psychology (pp. 9-22). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1037/10566-001
[7]
Ayten, A., & Ferhan, H. (2016). Forgiveness, Religiousness, and Life Satisfaction: An Empirical Study on Turkish and Jordanian University Students. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 1, 75-84. https://doi.org/10.12738/spc.2016.1.0006
[8]
Balliet, D. (2010). Conscientiousness and Forgivingness: A Meta-Analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 259-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.021
[9]
Bell, C. A., Kamble, S. V., & Fincham, F. D. (2018) Forgiveness, Attributions, and Marital Quality in U.S. and Indian Marriages. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 17, 276-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332691.2018.1433569
[10]
Berndsen, M., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2007). On the Relationship between Responsibility and Guilt: Antecedent Appraisal or Elaborated Appraisal? European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 774-792. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.397
[11]
Berry, J. W., & Worthington, E. L. J. (2001). Forgivingness, Relationship Quality, Stress While Imagining Relationship Events, and Physical and Mental Health. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 447-455. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.48.4.447
[12]
Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., Parrott, L., O’Connor, L. E., & Wade, N. G. (2001). Dispositional Forgivingness: Development and Construct Validity of the Transgression Narrative Test of Forgivingness (TNTF). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1277-1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672012710004
[13]
Berscheid, E., & Ammazzalorso, H. (2003). Emotional Experience in Close Relationships. In G. J. O. Fletcher, & M. S. Clark (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes (pp. 308-330). Oxford: Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470998557.ch12
[14]
Bérubé, N., Donia, M., Gagné, M., Houlfort, N., & Koestner, R. (2007). Validation of the Satisfaction with Work Scale. ASAC, 28, 270-279.
[15]
Bérubé, N., Donia, M., Gagné, M., Houlfort, N., & Lvina, E. (2016). Validation Evidence for the Work Domain Satisfaction Scale in Two Languages. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 8, 26-39. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v8n3p26
[16]
Bies, R. J., & Tripp, T. M. (1997). Revenge in Organizations: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. In R. W. Griffin, A. O’Leary-Kelly, & J. Collins (Eds.), Dysfunctional Behavior in Organizations: Vol. 1. Violent Behaviors in Organizations (pp. 49-67). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
[17]
Blascovich, J., & Mandes, W. B. (2000). Challenge and Threat Appraisals: The Role of Affective Cues. In J. P. Forgas (Ed.), Feeling and Thinking: The Role of Affect in Social Cognition (pp. 131-152). New York: Cambridge University Press.
[18]
Bless, H. (2003). The Consequences of Mood on the Processing of Social Information. In A. Tesser, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology: Intraindividual Processes (pp. 391-412). Oxford: Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/b.9780631210344.2002.00020.x
[19]
Boonyarit, I., Chuawanleeb, W., Macaskillc, A., & Supparerkchaisakul, N. (2013). A Psychometric Analysis of the Workplace Forgiveness Scale. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 9, 319-338. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v9i2.551
[20]
Bradfield, M. O., & Aquino, K. (1999). The Effects of Blame Attributions and Offender Likableness on Revenge and Forgiveness in the Workplace. Journal of Management, 25, 607-631. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500501
[21]
Brose, L. A., Rye, M. S., Lutz-Zois, C., & Ross, S. R. (2005). Forgiveness and Personality Traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 35-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.11.001
[22]
Buss, D. (2005). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
[23]
Butler, D. S., & Mullis, F. (2001). Forgiveness: A Conflict Resolution Strategy in the Workplace. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 57, 259-272.
[24]
Cameron, K., & Caza, A. (2002). Organizational and Leadership Virtues and the Role of Forgiveness. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9, 33-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190200900103
[25]
Cano-García, F. J., Padilla-Mu?oz, E. M., & Carrasco-Ortiz, M. á. (2005). Personality and Contextual Variables in Teacher Burnout. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 929-940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.06.018
[26]
Claessens, L. C. A., Van Tartwijk, J., Van der Want, A. C., Pennings, H. J. M., Verloop, N., Den Brok, P. J., & Wubbels, T. (2017). Positive Teacher-Student Relationships Go beyond the Classroom, Problematic Ones Stay Inside. The Journal of Educational Research, 110, 478-493. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2015.1129595
[27]
Collins, N. L., Ford, M. B., Guichard, A. C., & Allard, L. M. (2006). Working Models of Attachment and Attribution Processes in Intimate Relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 201-219. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205280907
[28]
Cox, S. S. (2011). An Investigation of Forgiveness Climate and Workplace Outcomes. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2011, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2011.65869629
[29]
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
[30]
Demir, M. (2008). Sweetheart, You Really Make Me Happy: Romantic Relationship Quality and Personality as Predictors of Happiness among Emerging Adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 257-277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-007-9051-8
[31]
Di Fabio, A., & Kenny, E. M. (2016). From Decent Work to Decent Lives: Positive Self and Relational Management (PS&RM) in the 21st Century. Frontier Psychology, 7, 361. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00361
[32]
Diener, E. (1994). Assessing Subjective Well-Being: Progress and Opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01207052
[33]
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective Well-Being. The Science of Happiness and a Proposal for National Index. American Psychologist, 55, 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
[34]
Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
[35]
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. (2002). Very Happy People. Psychological Science, 13, 81-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00415
[36]
Diener, E., & Tay, L. (2012). A Scientific Review of the Remarkable Benefits of Happiness for Successful and Healthy Living. Report of the Well-Being Working Group, Royal Government of Bhutan: Report to the United Nations General Assembly, Well-Being and Happiness: A New Development Paradigm, UN, NY.
[37]
Diener, E., Inglehart, R., & Tay, L. (2013). Theory and Validity of Life Satisfaction Scales. Social Indicators Research, 112, 497-527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0076-y
[38]
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Oishi, S. (2005). Subjective Well-Being: The Science of Happiness and Life Satisfaction. In C. R. Snyder, & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 63-73). Oxford: University Press.
[39]
Dix, T. H., & Grusec, J. E. (1985). Parent Attribution Processes in the Socialization of Children. In I. E. Siegel (Ed.), Parental Belief Systems: The Psychological Consequences for Children (pp. 177-199). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
[40]
Erber, R., & Gilmour, R. (1995). Theoretical Frameworks for Personal Relationships. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
[41]
Erdogan, B., Bauer, T. N., Truxillo, D. M., & Mansfield, L. R. (2012). Whistle While You Work: A Review of the Life Satisfaction Literature. Journal of Management, 38, 1038-1083. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311429379
[42]
Fehr, R., Gelfand, M. J., & Nag, M. (2010). The Road to Forgiveness: A Meta-Analytic Synthesis of Its Situational and Dispositional Correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 894-914. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019993
[43]
Fiedler, K., Semin, G. R., Finkenauer, D., & Berkel, I. (1995). Actor-Observer Bias in Close Relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 525-538. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167295215010
[44]
Fincham, F. D. (1985). Attribution Processes in Distressed and Nondistressed Couples: II. Responsibility for Marital Problems. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.94.2.183
[45]
Fincham, F. D. (2001). Attributions and Close Relationships: From Balkanization to Integration. In G. J. Fletcher, & M. Clark (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology (pp. 3-31). Oxford: Blackwell.
[46]
Fincham, F. D. (2003). Attributions in Close Relationships: From Balkanization to Integration. In G. J. O. Fletcher, & M. S. Clark (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes (pp. 3-31). Oxford: Blackwell.
[47]
Fincham, F. D., Beach, S. R. H., & Davila, J. (2004). Forgiveness and Conflict Resolution in Marriage. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 72-81. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.18.1.72
[48]
Fincham, F. D., Jackson, H., & Beach, S. R. H. (2005). Transgression Severity and Forgiveness: Different Moderators for Objective and Subjective Severity. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 860-875. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2005.24.6.860
[49]
Fincham, F. D., Paleari, G., & Regalia, C. (2002). Forgiveness in Marriage: The Role of Relationship Quality, Attributions and Empathy. Personal Relationships, 9, 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00002
[50]
Fincham, F. D., Rogge, R., & Beach, S. R. H. (2018). Relationship Satisfaction. In A. L. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships (pp. 422-436). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316417867.033
[51]
Fincham, F., & Beach, S. R. H. (2007). Forgiveness and Marital Quality: Precursor or Consequence in Well-Established Relationships? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 260-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701552360
[52]
Fitness, J., Fletcher, G. J. O., & Overall, N. (2005). Interpersonal Attraction and Intimate Relationships. In M. A. Hogg, & J. Cooper (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (pp. 258-278). London: Sage.
[53]
Fletcher, G. J. O. (2002). The New Science of Intimate Relationships. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470773390
[54]
Fletcher, G. J. O., & Clark, M. S. (2002). Handbook of Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/b.9780631212294.2002.00001.x
[55]
Fletcher, G. J. O., & Thomas, G. (1996). Close Relationship Lay Theories: Their Structure and Function. In G. J. O. Fletcher, & J. Fitness (Eds.), Knowledge Structures in Close Relationships: A Social Psychological Approach (pp. 3-24). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
[56]
Fletcher, G. J. O., & Thomas, G. (2000). Behavior and On-Line Cognition in Marital Interaction. Personal Relationships, 7, 111-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2000.tb00007.x
[57]
Fletcher, G. J. O., Fitness, J., & Blampied, N. M. (1990). The Link between Attributions and Happiness in Close Relationships: The Role of Depression and Explanatory Style. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.243
[58]
Freedman, S. R., & Enright, R. D. (1996). Forgiveness as an Intervention Goal with Incest Survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 510-517. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.5.983
[59]
Freedman, S., & Zarifkar, T. (2016). The Psychology of Interpersonal Forgiveness and Guidelines for Forgiveness Therapy: What Therapists Need to Know to Help Their Clients Forgive. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 3, 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000087
[60]
Friedman, I. A. (2000). Burnout in Teachers: Shattered Dreams of Impeccable Professional Performance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 595-606. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200005)56:5<595::AID-JCLP2>3.0.CO;2-Q
[61]
Friedman, I. A. (2006). Classroom Management and Teacher Stress and Burnout. In C. M. Evertson, & C. S. Weinstein (Eds.), Handbook of Classroom Management: Research, Practice, and Contemporary Issues (pp. 925-944). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
[62]
Friesen, M. D., Fletcher, G. J. O., & Overall, N. C. (2005). A Dyadic Assessment of Forgiveness in Intimate Relationships. Personal Relationships, 12, 61-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00102.x
[63]
Gagne, F. M. (2018). From Strategy to Action: Transforming Organizational Goals into Organizational Behavior. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20, 83-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12159
[64]
Gagné, F. M., & Lydon, J. E. (2004). Bias and Accuracy in Close Relationships: An Integrative Review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 322-338. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_1
[65]
Gavish, B., & Friedman, I. A. (2010). Novice Teacher’s Experience of Teaching: A Dynamic Aspect of Burnout. Social Psychology of Education, 13, 141-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-009-9108-0
[66]
Gersten, R. (2001). Sorting Out the Roles of Research in the Improvement of Practice. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 16, 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/0938-8982.00005
[67]
Ghenghesh, P. (2013). Job Satisfaction and Motivation—What Makes Teachers Tick? British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 3, 456-466. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJESBS/2013/5156
[68]
Gilbert, D. T., & Malone, P. S. (1995). The Correspondence Bias: The What, When, How and Why of Unwarranted Dispositional Inference. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.21
[69]
Gottman, J. M. (1994). What Predicts Divorce? Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
[70]
Greitemeyer, T., & Weiner, B. (2003). Asymmetrical Attributions for Approach versus Avoidance Behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1371-1382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203255766
[71]
Guchait, P., Madera, J., & Dawson, M. (2016). Learning in the Service Environment: The Influence of Diversity Climate. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 26, 448-470. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTP-04-2015-0096
[72]
Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self-Forgiveness: The Stepchild of Forgiveness Research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 621-637. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2005.24.5.621
[73]
Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2006). Relationship Dissolution Following Infidelity: The Roles of Attributions and Forgiveness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 508-522. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.5.508
[74]
Hargreaves, A. (2000). Mixed Emotions: Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Interactions with Students. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16, 811-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(00)00028-7
[75]
Harvey, J. H. (1987). Attributions in Close Relationships: Research and Theoretical Development. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 5, 8-20. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1987.5.1.8
[76]
Harvey, J. H., & Omarzu, J. (1999). Minding the Close Relationship. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 223-239. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527845
[77]
Harvey, J., Pauwels, B., & Zickmund, S. (2005). Relationship Connections: The Role of Minding in the Enhancement of Closeness. In C. R. Snyder, & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 423-434). Oxford: University Press.
[78]
Heller, D., Judge, T., & Watson, D. (2002). The Confounding Role of Personality and Trait Affectivity in the Relationship between Job and Life Satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 815-835. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.168
[79]
Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (2013). World Happiness Report. New York: Earth Institute, Columbia University.
[80]
Hewstone, M., & Antaki, M. (2001). Attribution Theory and Social Explanations. In M. Hewstone, W. Stroebe, J. P. Codol, & G. M. Stepheson (Eds.), Introduction to Social Psychology (pp. 111-141). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
[81]
Hill, P. L., & Allemand, M. (2010). Forgivingness and Adult Patterns of Individual Differences in Environmental Mastery and Personal Growth. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 245-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.01.006
[82]
Hombrados-Mendieta, I., & Cosano-Rivas, F. (2013). Burnout, Workplace Support, Job Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction among Social Workers in Spain: A Structural Equation Model. International Social Work, 56, 228-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872811421620
[83]
Irving, P. G., & Monte, S. D. (2009). Met Expectations: The Effects of Expected and Delivered Inducements on Employee Satisfaction. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 431-451. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X312650
[84]
Iwai, T., & Carvalho, J. V. D. F. (2020). Can a Leopard Change Its Spots? The Effects of Implicit Theories of Personality on Forgiveness via Attributions of Behavioral Stability. Personality and Individual Differences, 157, Article No. 109800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109800
[85]
Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of Core Self-Evaluations Traits—Self-Esteem, Generalized Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and Emotional Stability—With Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 80-92. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.80
[86]
Kaleta, K., & Mróz, J. (2018). Forgiveness and Life Satisfaction across Different Age Groups in Adults. Personality and Individual Differences 120, 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.008
[87]
Kalish, Y., & Robins, G. (2006). Psychological Predispositions and Network Structure: The Relationship between Individual Predispositions, Structural Holes and Network Closure. Social Networks, 28, 56-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2005.04.004
[88]
Karney, B. R., McNulty, J. K., & Bradbury, T. N. (2003). Cognition and the Development of Close Relationships. In G. J. O. Fletcher, & M. S. Clark (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes (pp. 32-59). Oxford: Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470998557.ch2
[89]
Klassen, R. M., & Chiu, M. M. (2010). Effects on Teachers’ Self-Efficacy and Job Satisfaction: Teacher Gender, Years of Experience, and Job Stress. American Psychological Association, 102, 741-756. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019237
[90]
Kyriacou, C. (2001). Teacher Stress: Directions for Future Research. Educational Review, 53, 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131910120033628
[91]
Lauermann, F., & Karabenick, S. A. (2013). The Meaning and Measure of Teachers’ Sense of Responsibility for Educational Outcomes. Teaching and Teacher Education, 30, 13-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.10.001
[92]
Law, M. (2013). Exploring Forgiveness: Do Benevolence and Revenge Associate with Procedural Justice, Workplace Satisfaction and Intention to Leave? International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research, 2, 167-179.
[93]
Lawler-Row, K. A., & Piferi, R. L. (2006). The Forgiving Personality: Describing a Life Well Lived? Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 1009-1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.007
[94]
Lawler-Row, K. A., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L., Jobe, R. L., Edmondson, K. A., & Jones, W. H. (2005). The Unique Effects of Forgiveness on Health: An Exploration of Pathways. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 157-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-3665-2
[95]
Leary, M. R. (2000). Affect, Cognition and the Social Emotions. In J. P. Forgas (Ed.), Feeling and Thinking: The Role of Affect in Social Cognition (pp. 331-356). Cambridge: University Press.
[96]
Lichtenfeld, S., Maier, M. A., Buechner, V. L., & Fernández-Capo, M. (2019). The Influence of Decisional Land Emotional Forgiveness on Attributions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 1425. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01425
[97]
Lucas, R. E., Dyrenforth, P. S., & Diener, E. (2008). Four Myths about Subjective Well-Being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 2001-2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00140.x
[98]
Luhmann, M., Hofmann, W., Eid, M., & Lucas, R. E. (2012). Subjective Well-Being and Adaptation to Life Events: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 592-615. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025948
Macnow, A. S. (2019). MCAT Behavioral Sciences Review 2018-2019. New York: Kaplan.
[101]
Mafini, C., & Pooe, D. R. (2013). The Relationship between Employee Satisfaction and Organizational Performance: Evidence from a South African Government Department. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39, 49-58. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v39i1.1090
[102]
Martin, A. J. (2014). Interpersonal Relationships and Students’ Academic and Non-Academic Development: What Outcomes Peers, Parents, and Teachers Do and Do Not Impact. In D. Zandvliet, P. den Brok, T. Mainhard, & J. Tartwijk (Eds.), Interpersonal Relationships in Education: From Theory to Practice (pp. 9-24). Rotterdam: Sense. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-701-8_2
[103]
Martin, A. J., & Collie, R. J. (2019). Teacher-Student Relationships and Students’ Engagement in High School: Does the Number of Negative and Positive Relationships with Teachers Matter? Journal of Educational Psychology, 111, 861-876. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000317
[104]
McAuley, E., Duncan, T. E., & Russell, D. W. (1992). Measuring Causal Attributions: The Revised Causal Dimension Scale (CDSII). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 566-573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292185006
[105]
McCullough, M. E. (2000). Forgiveness as Human Strength: Theory, Measurement, and Links to Well-Being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 43-55. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.43
[106]
McCullough, M. E., Fincham, F. D., & Tsang, J. (2003). Forgiveness, Forbearance, and Time: The Temporal Unfolding of Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 540-557. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.540
[107]
McNulty, J. K. (2010). When Positive Processes Hurt Relationships. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19, 167-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721410370298
[108]
Moolenaar, N. M., Daly, A. J., Sleegers, P. J. C., & Karsten, S. (2014). Social Forces in School Teams: How Demographic Composition Affects Social Relationships. In D. Zandvliet, P. den Brok, T. Mainhard, & J. Tartwijk (Eds.), Interpersonal Relationships in Education: From Theory to Practice (pp. 159-181). Rotterdam: Sense. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-701-8_10
[109]
Mount, M., Ilies, R., & Johnson, E. (2006). Relationship of Personality Traits and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: The Mediating Effects of Job Satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 59, 591-622. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2006.00048.x
[110]
Mróz, J., & Kaleta, K. (2019). The Moderating Role of Forgiveness in the Relationship between Work Engagement and Job Satisfaction. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie, Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sk?odowska, 32, 179-195. https://doi.org/10.17951/j.2019.32.4.179-195
[111]
Pennings, H. J. M., Brekelmans, M., Sadler, P., Claessens, L. C. A., van der Want, A. C., & van Tartwijk, J. (2018). Interpersonal Adaptation in Teacher-Student Interaction. Learning and Instruction, 55, 41-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.09.005
[112]
Peterson, C., & Steen, T. A. (2005). Optimistic Explanatory Style. In C. R. Snyder, & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 244-256). Oxford: University Press.
[113]
Planalp, S., & Rivers, M. (1996). Changes in Knowledge of Personal Relationships. In G. J. O. Fletcher, & J. Fitness (Eds.), Knowledge Structures in Close Relationships: A Social Psychological Approach (pp. 299-324). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
[114]
Raj, M., & Wiltermuth, S. S. (2016). Barriers to Forgiveness. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10, 679-690. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12290
[115]
Reed, G. L., & Enright, R. D. (2006). The Effects of Forgiveness Therapy on Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress for Women after Spousal Emotional Abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 920-929. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.920
[116]
Reeve, J., & Su, Y. (2014). Teacher Motivation. In M. Gagne (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation, and Self-Determination (pp. 349-362). Oxford: Oxford University press.
[117]
Roberts, R. C. (1995). Forgivingness. American Philosophical Quarterly, 32, 289-306.
[118]
Rogge, R. D., Fincham, F. D., Crasta, D., & Maniaci, M. R. (2017). Positive and Negative Evaluation of Relationships: Development and Validation of the Positive-Negative Relationship Quality (PN-RQ) Scale. Psychological Assessment, 29, 1028-1043. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000392
[119]
Rusbult, C. E., Arriaga, X. B., & Agnew, C. R. (2003). Interdependence in Close Relationships. In G. J. O. Fletcher, & M. S. Clark (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes (pp. 359-387). Oxford: Blackwell.
[120]
Rye, M. S., & Pargament, K. I. (2002). Forgiveness and Romantic Relationships in College: Can It Heal the Wounded Heart? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 419-441. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1153
[121]
Rye, M. S., Loaicono, D. M., Folck, C. D., Olszewski, B. T., Heim, T. A., & Madia, B. P. (2001). Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of Two Forgiveness Scales. Current Psychology, 20, 260-277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-001-1011-6
[122]
Saphire-Bernstein, S., & Taylor, S. E. (2013). Close Relationships and Happiness. In L. Boniwell, S. A. David, & A. C. Ayers (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Happiness (pp. 821-833). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557257.013.0060
[123]
Schoebi, D., & Randall, A. K. (2015). Emotional Dynamics in Intimate Relationships. Emotion Review, 7, 342-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073915590620
[124]
Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2006). Competence and Control Beliefs: Distinguishing the Means and Ends. In P. A. Alexander, & P. H. Winne (Eds.), Handbook of Educational Psychology (pp. 349-367). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
[125]
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realise Your Potential for Lasting Fulfilment. New York: Free Press.
[126]
Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Positive Psychology, Positive Prevention, and Positive Therapy. In C. R. Snyder, & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 3-9). Oxford: University Press.
[127]
Siemer, M., Mauss, I., & Gross, J. (2007). Same Situation-Different Emotions: How Appraisals Shape Our Emotions. Emotion, 7, 592-600. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.3.592
[128]
Singh, K., & Billingsley, B. (1996). Intent to Stay in Teaching: Teachers of Students with Emotional Disorders versus Other Special Educators. Remedial and Special Education, 17, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193259601700105
[129]
Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2011). Teacher Job Satisfaction and Motivation to Leave the Teaching Profession: Relations with School Context, Feeling of Belonging, and Emotional Exhaustion. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27, 1029-1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2011.04.001
[130]
Skarlicki, D. P., & Folger, R. (1997). Retaliation in the Workplace: The Roles of Distributive, Procedural, and Interactional Justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 434-443. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.3.434
[131]
Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Emotions and Adaptation. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (pp. 609-637). New York: Guilford.
[132]
Stephanou, G. (2005). Academic Performance and Interpersonal Relationships. In F. Vlachos, F. Bonoti, P. Metallidou, I. Dermitzaki, & A. Efklides (Eds.), Human Behavior and Learning. Scientific Annals of the Psychological Society of Northern Greece (Vol. 3, pp. 201-228). Athens: Ellinika Grammata. (In Greek)
[133]
Stephanou, G. (2011). Children Friendship: The Role of Hope in Attributions, Emotions and Expectations. Psychology, 2, 875-888. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2011.28133
[134]
Stephanou, G. (2012). Romantic Relationships in Emerging Adulthood: Perception-Partner Ideal Discrepancies, Attributions, and Expectations. Psychology, 3, 150-160. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.32023
[135]
Stephanou, G., & Athanasiadou, K. (2020). Interpersonal Relationships: Cognitive Appraisals, Emotions and Hope. European Journal of Psychology and Educational Research, 3, 13-38. https://doi.org/10.12973/ejper.3.1.13
[136]
Stephanou, G., Gkavras, G., & Doulkeridou, M. (2013). The Role of Teachers’ Self- and Collective-Efficacy Beliefs on Their Job Satisfaction and Experienced Emotions in School. Psychology, 4, 268-278. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2013.43A040
[137]
Stone, M. (2002). Forgiveness in the Workplace. Industrial and Commercial Training, 34, 278-286. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197850210447282
[138]
Swaminathan, S., & Jawahar, P. D. (2013). Job Satisfaction as a Predictor of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: An Empirical Study. Global Journal of Business Research, 7, 71-80.
[139]
Szcze?niak, M., & Soares, E. (2011). Are Proneness to Forgive, Optimism and Gratitude Associated with Life Satisfaction? Polish Psychological Bulletin, 42, 20-23. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10059-011-0004-z
[140]
Szostek, D. (2019). The Impact of the Quality of Interpersonal Relationships between Employees on Counterproductive Work Behavior: A Study of Employees in Poland. Sustainability, 11, 5916. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11215916
[141]
Thompson, J. S., & Snyder, D. K. (1986). Attribution Theory in Intimate Relationships: A Methodological Review. American Journal of Family Therapy, 14, 123-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926188608250629
[142]
Thompson, L. Y., & Shahen, P. E. (2003). Forgiveness in the Workplace. In R. A. Giacalone, & C. L. Jurkiewicz (Eds.), Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance (pp. 405-420). New York, London: Me Sharpe.
[143]
Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Roberts, D. E. et al. (2005). Dispositional Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations. Journal of Personality, 73, 313-359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
[144]
Thoresen, C. E., Harris, A. H., & Luskin, F. (2000). Forgiveness and Health: An Unanswered Question. In M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament, & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 254-280). New York: Guilford Press.
[145]
Timmermans, T., Van Mechelen, I., & Kuppens, P. (2010). The Relationship between Individual Differences in Intraindividual Variability in Core Affect and Interpersonal Behavior. European Journal of Personality, 24, 623-638. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.756
[146]
Toussaint, L., & Friedman, P. (2009). Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Affect and Beliefs. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 635-654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9111-8
[147]
Toussaint, L., Shields, G. S., Dorn, G., & Slavich, G. M. (2016a). Effects of Lifetime Stress Exposure on Mental and Physical Health in Young Adulthood: How Stress Degrades and Forgiveness Protects Health. Journal of Health Psychology, 21, 1004-1014. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314544132
[148]
Toussaint, L., Worthington, E. L., Van Tongeren, D. R., Hook, J., Berry, J. W., Shivy, V. A., Miller, A. J., & Davis, D. E. (2016b). Forgiveness Working: Forgiveness, Health, and Productivity in the Workplace. American Journal of Health Promotion, 32, 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117116662312
[149]
Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (1997). What’s Good about Revenge: The Avenger’s Perspective. In R. J. Lewicki, R. J. Bies, & B. H. Sheppard (Eds.), Research on Negotiation in Organizations (Vol. 6, pp. 145-160). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
[150]
Trope, Y., & Gaunt, R. (2005). Attribution and Person Perception. In M. A. Hogg, & J. Cooper (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (pp. 190-208). London: Sage.
[151]
Tsang, J., McCullough, M., & Fincham, F. D. (2006). Forgiveness and the Psychological Dimension of Reconciliation: A Longitudinal Analysis. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 404-428. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.4.448
[152]
Tse, W. S., & Yip, T. H. J. (2009). Relationship among Dispositional Forgiveness of Others, Interpersonal Adjustment and Psychological Well-Being: Implication for Interpersonal Theory of Depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 365-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.001
[153]
Unanue, W., Gómez, M. E., Cortez, D., Oyanedel, J. C., & Mendiburo-Seguel, A. (2017). Revisiting the Link between Job Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Basic Psychological Needs. Frontier Psychology, 8, 680. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00680
[154]
Van Doorn, E. A., van Kleef, G. A., & van der Pligt, J. (2015). Deriving Meaning from Others’ Emotions: Attribution, Appraisal, and the Use of Emotions as Social Information. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1077. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01077
[155]
Van Droogenbroeck, F., Spruyt, B., & Vanroelen, C. (2014). Burnout among Senior Teachers: Investigating the Role of Workload and Interpersonal Relationships at Work. Teaching and Teacher Education, 43, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.07.005
[156]
Van Houtte, M. (2006). Tracking and Teacher Satisfaction: Role of Study Culture and Trust. Journal of Educational Research, 99, 247-254. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.4.247-256
[157]
Van Maele, D., Moolenaar, N. M., & Daly, A. J. (2015). All for One and One for All: A Social Network Perspective on the Effects of Social Influence on Teacher Trust. In M. DiPaola, & W. K. Hoy (Eds.), Leadership and School Quality (pp. 171-196). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
[158]
Veldman, I., Van Tartwijk, J., Brekelmans, M., & Wubbels, T. (2013). Job Satisfaction and Teacher-Student Relationships across the Teaching Career: Four Case Studies. Teaching and Teacher Education, 32, 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2013.01.005
[159]
Wang, H., & Hall, N. C. (2018). A Systematic Review of Teachers’ Causal Attributions: Prevalence, Correlates, and Consequences. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2305. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02305
[160]
Webb, J. R., Bumgarner, D. J., Conway-Williams, E., Dangel, T., & Hall, B. B. (2017). A Consensus Definition of Self-Forgiveness: Implications for Assessment and Treatment. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 4, 216-227. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000138
[161]
Wee, J. R. H. (2017). How and When Do Attributions Affect Relationship Satisfaction? Judgments of Partner Suitability and Implicit Theories of Relationships. Dissertations and Theses Collection. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/etd_coll_all/42
[162]
Weiner, B. (1992). Human Motivation: Metaphors, Theories and Research. London: Sage.
[163]
Weiner, B. (1995). Judgments of Responsibility: A Foundation for a Theory of Social Conduct. New York: Guilford.
[164]
Weiner, B. (2001). Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Theories of Motivation from an Attributional Perspective. Educational Psychology Review, 12, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009017532121
[165]
Weiner, B. (2002). Social Emotions and Personality Inferences: A Scaffold for a New Direction in the Study of Achievement Motivation. Key Speech at the 8th WATM & Motivation and Emotion Conference, Moscow, June, 12-15.
[166]
Weiner, B. (2005). Motivation from an Attribution Perspective and the Social Psychology of Perceived Competence. In A. J. Elliot, & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of Competence and Motivation (pp. 73-84). New York: Guilford.
[167]
Weiner, B. (2006). Social Motivation, Justice, and the Moral Emotions: An Attributional Approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410615749
[168]
Weiner, B. (2010). The Development of an Attribution-Based Theory of Motivation: A History of Ideas. Educational Psychology, 45, 28-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520903433596
[169]
Weiner, B. (2014). The Attribution Approach to Emotion and Motivation: History, Hypotheses, Home Runs, Headaches/Heartaches. Emotion Review, 6, 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914534502
[170]
Weiss, H. M. (2002). Deconstructing Job Satisfaction: Separating Evaluations, Beliefs and Affective Experiences. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 173-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(02)00045-1
[171]
Wenzel, M., Turner, J. K., & Okimoto, T. G. (2010). Is Forgiveness an Outcome or Initiator of Sociocognitive Processes? Rumination, Empathy, and Cognitive Appraisals Following a Transgression. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 369-377. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550610376598
[172]
Williams, B., & Gilmore, J. (2008). Annotation: Sociometry and Peer Relationships. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatric, 35, 997-1013. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01806.x
[173]
Witvliet, C. V. O., Phipps, K. A., Feldman, M. E., & Beckham, J. C. (2004). Posttraumatic Mental and Physical Health Correlates of Forgiveness and Religious Coping in Military Veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 269-273. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000029270.47848.e5
[174]
Wohl, M. J., DeShea, L., & Wahkinney, R. L. (2008). Looking Within: Measuring State Self-Forgiveness and Its Relationship to Psychological Well-Being. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 40, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1037/0008-400x.40.1.1.1
[175]
Wubbels, T., Brekelmans, M., den Brok, P., Levy, J., Mainhard, T., & van Tartwijk, J. (2012). Let’s Make Things Better: Development in Research on Interpersonal Relationships in Education. In T. Wubbels, P. den Brok, J. van Tartwijk, & J. Levy (Eds.), Interpersonal Relationships in Education: An Overview of Contemporary Research (pp. 225-250). Rotterdam: Sense. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-939-8
[176]
Ybarra, O., & Stephan, W. G. (1999). Attributional Orientation and the Prediction of Behavior: The Attribution-Prediction Bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 718-727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.718
[177]
Yoon, J. S. (2002). Teacher Characteristics as Predictors of Teacher-Student Relationships: Stress, Negative Affect, and Self-Efficacy. Social Behavior and Personality, 30, 485-493. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.5.485
[178]
Zandvliet, D., den Brok, P., Mainhard, T., & van Tartwijk, J. W. F. (2014). Interpersonal Relationships in Education: From Theory to Practice. Rotterdam: Sense. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-701-8
