Reliable data of antibiotic use and environmental discharge as veterinary medicine are essential to help countries raise awareness of the appropriate use, control, and correct water release. The first approach is to change the regulatory framework based on consuming information, use policy, and discharge laws. The important research contribution is a novel water treatment process to treat, remove, and reduce antibiotic concentration in discharged water, mainly those used in the animal protein industry. The low particle biochar added during the titanium isopropoxide hydrolysis reduces the titanium dioxide (TiO2) agglomerates and promotes the adsorption surface process. Such improved catalyst material enhances the solar decomposition efficiency to 93% from original oxytetracycline with better correspondence with the Elovich kinetics, intraparticle diffusion, R-P isotherm, and Langmuir-Hinshelwood model.
References
[1]
WHO Report (2019) Who’s Annual World Health Statistics Reports.
[2]
Sarmah, A.K., Meyer, M.T. and Boxall, A.B.A. (2006) A Global Perspective on the Use, Sales, Exposure Pathways, Occurrence, Fate, and Effects of Veterinary Antibiotics (VAs) in the Environment. Chemosphere, 65, 725-759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.026
[3]
Díaz-Cruz, M.S., López de Alda, M.J. and Barceló, D. (2003) Environmental Behavior and Analysis of Veterinary and Human Drugs in Soils, Sediments, and Sludge. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 22, 340-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(03)00603-4
[4]
Yang, S. (2011) Sorption and Biodegradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics By Activated Sludge: Experimental Assessment Using Batch Data Obtained under Aerobic Conditions. Water Research, 45, 3389-3397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.052
[5]
Florêncio, T.M. and Malpass, G.R.P. (2014) A Brief Explanation about Environmental Licenses in Brazil. The Nexus—American Chemical Society, 1-14.
[6]
Hernando, M.D., Mezcua, M. and Fernandez-Alba, A.R. (2006) Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceutical Residues in Wastewater Effluents, Surface Waters, and Sediments. Talanta, 69, 334-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2005.09.037
[7]
Marcelino, R.B.P., Queiroz, M.T.A. and Amorim, C.C. (2015) Solar Energy for Wastewater Treatment: A Review of International Technologies and Their Applicability in Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 762-773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3033-2
[8]
Homem, V.M.F.C. (2011) Alternative Technologies for the Removal of Contaminated Water Antibiotics, Trans: Tecnologias Alternativas de Remoção de Antibióticos de águas Contaminadas. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Porto, Portugal.
[9]
Li, Y., Su, J., Lv, X., Long, Y. and Wen, Y. (2015) Yeast Bio-Template Synthesis of Porous Anatase TiO2 and Potential Application as an Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries. Electrochimica Acta, 182, 596-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.09.115
[10]
Pereira, E.B. (2019) Solar Energy Brazilian Map Trans. Atlas Brasileiro de Energia Solar. 2a. Ed. São José dos Campos: INPE. http://ftp.cptec.inpe.br/labren/publ/livros/Atlas_Brasileiro_Energia_Solar_2a_Edicao.pdf
[11]
Jiao, S. (2008) Aqueous Photolysis of Tetracycline and Toxicity of Photocatalytic Products to Luminescent Bacteria. Chemosphere, 73, 377-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.042
[12]
Jin, X., Qiu, S., Wu, K., Jia, M., Fang, W., Gu, C., Zhang, A. and Jiang, X. (2016) The Effect of Cu2+ Chelation on the Direct Photolysis of Oxytetracycline: A Study Assisted by Spectroscopy Analysis and DFT Calculation. Environmental Pollution, 214, 31-839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.084
[13]
Ortiz, N., Lima, G.N.S., Nicolau, T. S. and Reis, A.C.S. (2018) Solar/TiO2 Photodecomposition and Adsorption of Tertiary Antibiotics Systems. International Journal of Latest Engineering and Management Research (IJLEMR), 3, 1-8.
[14]
Ortiz, N., Silva, A., Lima, G.N.S. and Hyppolito, F.P. (2018) Using Solar-TiO2 and Biocarbon to Decompose and Amoxicillin from Polluted Waters. International Journal of Chemistry, 10, 131. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v10n1p131
[15]
Nunes, R.M., Costa, D. and Ortiz, N. (2017) The Use of Eucalyptus Activated Biocarbon for Water Treatment-Adsorption Processes. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 8, 515-522. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2017.88037
[16]
Hoffmann, M.R., Martin, S.T., Choi, W. and Bahnemannt, D.W. (1995) Environmental Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis. Chemical Review, 95, 69-96. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00033a004
[17]
Lasheen, M.R., Ammar, N.S. and Ibrahin H.S. (2012) Adsorption/Desorption of Cd II, Cu II, and Pb II Using Chemically Modified Orange Peel: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies. Solid State Sciences 14, 202-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2011.11.029
[18]
Naeimi, S. and Faghihian, H. (2017) Application of Novel Metal-Organic Framework MIL_3 Fe and Its Magnetic Hybrid: For Removal of Pharmaceuticals Pollutants, Doxycycline from Aqueous Solutions. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 53, 21-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.05.007
[19]
Singanan, M. and Peters, E. (2013) Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals from Synthetic Wastewater Using a Novel Biocarbon Technology. Journal of Chemical Engineering, 1, 884-890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.07.030
[20]
Pholosi, A., Naidoo, E.B. and Ofomaja, A.E. (2020) Intraparticle Diffusion of Cr(VI) through Biomass and Magnetite Coated Biomass: A Comparative Kinetic and Diffusion Study. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 32, 39-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2020.01.005
[21]
Ozacar, M. and Sengil, I.A. (2005) A Kinetic Study of Metal Complex Dye Sorption onto Pine Sawdust. Process Biochemistry, 40, 565-572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.01.032
[22]
Michael-Kordatou, I., Karaolia, P. and Fatta-Kassinos, D. (2018) The Role of Operating Parameters and Oxidative Damage Mechanisms of Advanced Chemical Oxidation Processes in the Combat against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Resistant Genes Present in Urban Wastewater. Water Research, 129, 208-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.007
[23]
Kummerer, K. (2009) Antibiotics in the Aquatic Environment—A Review—Part I. Chemosphere, 75, 417-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.086
[24]
Kumar, K.V. and Porkodi, K. (2008) Comments on Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 Modified with Platinum and Silver Nanoparticles in the Degradation of Oxalic Acid Aqueous Solution Langmuir Hinshelwood Kinetics—A Theoretical Study. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 79, 108-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.09.041
[25]
Granoski, R. (2020) Pyrolysis Spray System with Microcontrolled Horizontal Movement for TiO2 Thin Film Deposition. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/211277
[26]
Kumar, K.V., Porkodi, K. and Selvaganapathi, A. (2007) Constrain in Solving Langmuir-Hinshelwood Kinetic Expression for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Auramine O Aqueous Solutions by ZnO Catalyst. Dyes and Pigments, 75, 246-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2006.05.035
[27]
Silva, N.C. (2012) Removal of Antibiotics from Water Using the Adsorption Process on Activated Carbon. Universidade Estadual Paulista. Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira/SP.
[28]
Rheinheimer, M.O.W. (2016) Paracetamol Removal by Activated Carbon Adsorption: Batch Process and Fixed Bed Column. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre.
[29]
Vazzoler, A. (2019) Calculation of Gas-Solid Catalytic Reactors. Volume 1, 1st Ed., Vitória, Brazil, 336 p.
[30]
Asênjo, N.G., Santamaria, R., Blanco, C., Grande, M., Alvarez, P. and Menendez, R. (2013) Correct Use of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood Equation for Proving the Absence of a Synergy Effect in the Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol on a Suspended Mixture of Titania and Activated Carbon. Carbon, 55, 62-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.12.010
[31]
Friedmann, D., Mendive, C. and Bahnemann, D. (2010) TiO2 for Water Treatment: Parameters Affecting the Kinetics and Mechanisms of Photocatalysis. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 99, 398-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.05.014
[32]
Krajina, B.A., Proctor, A.C., Schoen, A.P., Spakowitz, A.J. and Heilshorn, S.C. (2018) Biotemplated Synthesis of Inorganic Materials: An Emerging Paradigm for Nanomaterials Synthesis Inspired in Nature. Progress in Materials Science, 91, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.08.001
[33]
Costa, L.R.C. (2019) Evaluation of Tetracycline Adsorption in Conventional and Modified Adsorbent with Iron Chloride, Copper Sulfate, and Hydrogen Peroxide: Regenerative Analysis and Application in the Real Aqueous Matrix. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre.
[34]
Araujo, E.M. (2014) Evaluation of Photocatalytic Degradation of Hydrogen Sulphide in Cotton Fabrics Impregnated with TiO2 Nanoparticles. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 134 p.
