Psychological Impacts Related to Stress and Fear during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes and Psychological Disorders as Risk Factors
Background and Aims:Patients and the general public are under insurmountable psychological pressure which may lead to various psychological
problems, such as anxiety, fear, depression, and insomnia, causing,
consequently, the impaired quality of life. Psychological crisis intervention
plays a pivotal role in the overall deployment of health-related quality of
life and disease control. A novel Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2),
a pathogen of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has affected several
sector activities, including people’s health. To enhance infection control methods, appropriate interventions, and
public health policies, the present study aims to assess the fear and
peri-traumatic stress during the COVID-19 inBrazil. Method: A cross-sectional
survey has been conducted from April 12th to 18thfrom
2020, using the Peri-Traumatic Distress Scale (CPDI) and the Fear Scale
(FCV-19S) aiming to measure the peri-traumatic stress and fear as psychological reactions during the
COVID-19 pandemic. For that purpose, an online spreadsheet was used to
send the questionnaire and scales to a sample of 1844 participants as a
collecting information tool. After the data analysis, the individuals were
separated into 4 groups: Group 1 (1232) population without chronic health
conditions; group 2 (298) patients with previous psychological suffering, group
3 (229) patients with cardiovascular diseases, group 4 (71) patients with
diabetes. For analysis, G1were considered control for comparison
with groups 2, 3 and 4. Results: All the groups showed the CPDI
and FCV-19S increased in comparison with the G1 group. Concerning CPDI, the G 3
was increased when compared to G1, G2 and G4. The G3
References
[1]
Abad, A., da Silva, J.A., das Neves Braga, J.V.Z., Medeiros, P., de Freitas, R.L., Coimbra, N.C. and da Silva, J.A. (2020) Preparing for the COVID-19 Mental Health Crisis in Latin America—Using Early Evidence from Countries That Experienced COVID-19 First. Advances in Infectious Diseases, 10, 40-44. https://doi.org/10.4236/aid.2020.103005
[2]
Danese, S., Sands, B., Ng, S.C. and Peyrin-Biroulet, L. (2020) The Day after COVID- 19 in IBD: How to Go Back to ‘Normal’. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 17, 441-443. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-020-0322-8
[3]
Wang, C.Y., Pan, R.Y., Wan, X.Y., Tan, Y.L., Xu, L.K., Ho, C.S. and Ho, R.C. (2020) Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
[4]
Abad, A., da Silva, J.A., de Paiva Teixeira, L.E.P., Antonelli-Ponti, M., Bastos, S., Mármora, C.H.C., Campos, L.A.M., Paiva, S., de Freitas, R.L. and da Silva, J.A. (2020) Evaluation of Fear and Peritraumatic Distress during COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil. Advances in Infectious Diseases, 10, 184-194. https://doi.org/10.4236/aid.2020.103019
[5]
Kang, Y., Chen, T., Mui, D., Ferrari, V., Jagasia, D., Scherrer-Crosbie, M., Chen, Y.C. and Han, Y.C. (2020) Cardiovascular Manifestations and Treatment Considerations in COVID-19. Heart, 106, 1132-1141. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317056
[6]
Nasser, F.J., de Almeida, M.M., da Silva, L.S., de Almeida, R.G.P., Barbirato, G.B., Mendlowicz, M.V. and Mesquita, C.T. (2016) Psychiatric Disorders and Cardiovascular System: Heart-Brain Interaction. International Journal of Cardiovascular Sci- ences, 29, 65-75. https://doi.org/10.5935/2359-4802.20160003
[7]
Li, B., Yang, J., Zhao, F.M., Zhi, L.L., Wang, X.Q., Liu, L., Bi, Z.H. and Zhao, Y.H. (2020) Prevalence and Impact of Cardiovascular Metabolic Diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clinical Research in Cardiology, 109, 531-538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-020-01626-9
[8]
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Dosil-Santamaria, M., Picaza-Gorrochategui, M. and Idoiaga-Mondragon, N. (2020) Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Levels in the Initial Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak in a Population Sample in the Northern Spain. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36, e00054020. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00054020
[9]
Qiu, J.Y., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B. and Xu, Y.F. (2020) A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 Epidemic: Implications and Policy Recommendations. General psychiatry, 33, e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
[10]
Ahorsu, D.K., Lin, C.Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M.D. and Pakpour, A.H. (2020) The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
[11]
Wang, X.H., Fang, X.X., Cai, Z.X., Wu, X.T, Gao, X.T, Min, J.X. and Wang, F.D. (2020) Comorbid Chronic Diseases and Acute Organ Injuries Are Strongly Correlated with Disease Severity and Mortality among COVID-19 Patients: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Research, 2020, Article ID: 2402961. https://doi.org/10.34133/2020/2402961
[12]
Liu, H., Chen, S.y., Liu, M., Nie, H. and Lu, H.Y. (2020) Comorbid Chronic Diseases are Strongly Correlated with Disease Severity among COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Aging and Disease, 11, 668-678. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2020.0502
[13]
Naves-Barcelos, M., Medeiros, P., da Sliva Tostes, C.B., da Silva, J.A., Torres da Silva, J.R.T., Tostes, J.G., da Silva, J.A., Coimbra, N.C., da Silva, M.L., de Freitas, R.L. (2020) Role of Education after the COVID-19 Pandemic Fear: A Multidisciplinary and Scientific Perspective. SciELO Preprints. https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.710
[14]
Shultz, J.M., Baingana, F. and Neria, Y. (2015) The 2014 Ebola Outbreak and Mental Health: Current Status and Recommended Response. JAMA, 313, 567-568. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.17934
[15]
Neria, Y. and Sullivan, G.M. (2011) Understanding the Mental Health Effects of Indirect Exposure to Mass Trauma through the Media. JAMA, 306, 1374-1375. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1358
[16]
Taylor, S. (2019) The Psychology of Pandemics: Preparing for the Next Global Outbreak of Infectious Disease. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle.
[17]
Martinez-Ferran, M., de la Guía-Galipienso, F., Sanchis-Gomar, F. and Pareja-Galeano, H. (2020) Metabolic Impacts of Confinement during the COVID-19 Pandemic Due to Modified Diet and Physical Activity Habits. Nutrients, 12, 1549. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061549
[18]
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Dosil Santamaría, M. and Picaza Gorrotxategi, M. (2020) Corrigendum: Psychological Symptoms during the Two Stages of Lockdown in Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak: An Investigation in a Sample of Citizens in Northern Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1491. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02116
[19]
Stein, D.J., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Bruffaerts, R., de Jonge, P., Liu, Z., Miguel Caldas-de-Almeida, J., O’Neill, S., Viana, M.C., Al-Hamzawi, A.O., Angermeyer, M.C., Benjet, C., de Graaf, R., Ferry, F., Kovess-Masfety, V., Levinson, D., de Girolamo, G., Florescu, S., Hu, C., Kawakami, N., Scott, K.M., et al. (2014) Associations between Mental Disorders and Subsequent Onset of Hypertension. General Hospital Psychiatry, 36, 142-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.11.002
[20]
Härter, M.C., Conway, K.P. and Merikangas, K.R. (2003) Associations between Anxiety Disorders and Physical Illness. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 253, 313-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-003-0449-y
[21]
Li, Z.Z., Li, Y.Y., Chen, L.Z., Chen, P. and Hu, Y.Y. (2015) Prevalence of Depression in Patients with Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 94, e1317.
[22]
Gebre, B.B., Deribe, B. and Abeto, M. (2020) Magnitude and Associated Factors of Depression Among Hypertensive Patients Attending Treatment Follow Up in Chronic OPD at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia. Integrated Blood Pressure Control, 2020, 31-39. https://doi.org/10.2147/IBPC.S240015
[23]
Park, C.Y., Kim, S.Y., Gil, J.W., Park, M.H., Park, J.H. and Kim, Y.J. (2015) Depression among Korean Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Ansan-Community- Based Epidemiological Study. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 6, 224-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.05.004
[24]
Alajmani, D.S.A., Alkaabi, A.M., Alhosani, M.W., Folad, A.A., Abdouli, F.A., Carrick, F.R. and Abdulrahman, M. (2019) Prevalence of Undiagnosed Depression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10, 259. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00259
[25]
Rubio-Guerra, A.F., Rodriguez-Lopez, L., Vargas-Ayala, G., Huerta-Ramirez, S., Serna, D.C. and Lozano-Nuevo, J.J. (2013) Depression Increases the Risk for Uncontrolled Hypertension. Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, 18, 10-12.
[26]
Kreuzer, P.M., Baghai, T.C., Rupprecht, R., Wittmann, M., Steffling, D., Ziereis, M., Zowe, M., Hausner, H. and Langguth, B. (2020) SARS-CoV-2 Risk Management in Clinical Psychiatry: A Few Considerations on How to Deal with an Unrivaled Threat. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 550. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00550
