Bioeconomy credentials and intellectual capital: a comparative modelling approach for the E.U.-13 and E.U.-15

Sa？etak Acknowledging the importance of the bioeconomy as an important dimension of sustainable economic development, and particularly for E.U. strategies, this paper aims to identify and assess several bioeconomy modellers under the compelling effects of education and research–development–innovation activities. Within this frame of reference, the authors have assessed the role of intellectual capital in shaping bioeconomy outcomes, distinct for the new E.U.-13 and E.U.-15. A complex set of methods and macro-econometric models was applied on two balanced panels, compiled during 1995–2016, that bind random effects models with panel-corrected standard errors, spatial analysis and structural equation modelling. Overall, the importance of research, development, innovation and specific skills acquired in the field of bioeconomy is outlined, as key elements of E.U. economic strategies, being essential for all Member States