Ghana has a yearly development interest for power at a rate of 83.8% in
2010, and to 12% from 2020 to 2040 but this opportunity has been farfetched
with the shocks in energy generation during 1983, 1994, 1997-98, and 2006-2007
era pushing the energy sector into crisis and a consequent adverse impact of
1.5% to GDP. This study, therefore, investigated the differential impacts of
wind energy to sustainable power generation in Ghana by assessing the
determinants of energy supply, energy demand and supply mix for energy
development, the capacity of the energy sector to develop wind power and
possible challenges in developing wind power energy in Ghana. An exploratory
design that adopted both qualitative and quantities approaches was applied to the study. The study population involving 34 sample sizes was accessed from a 46 population made up of
management/ministers of energy and counsellors
or energy experts. The study concluded that the demand for energy in
Ghana has increased over the years but without a commensurate increase in
energy supply. Major reasons for the shortfall in energy supply have centred on
the monopoly enjoyed by the major power producer which invariably places stress
on its ability to supply energy to meet the increasing demand. It also came out
that wind energy has the potential to contribute to the overall energy fortunes
ofGhana. However, a focus on wind energy may not produce the required
results of reducing the energy
References
[1]
Marwah, H. (2017) Electricity Access Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1950-2000. African Economic History, 45, 113-144. https://doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2017.0008
[2]
Kebede, E., Kagochi, J. and Jolly, C.M. (2010) Energy Consumption and Economic Development in Sub-Sahara Africa. Energy Economics, 32, 532-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.02.003
[3]
Ragheb, M. and Ragheb, A.M. (2011) Wind Turbines Theory—The Betz Equation and Optimal Rotor Tip Speed Ratio. In: Carriveau, R., Ed., Fundamental and Advanced Topics in Wind Power, IntechOpen Limited, London, 10-29. https://doi.org/10.5772/21398
[4]
International Energy Agency (2014) Energy Security. International Energy Agency Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme, Paris. http://www.iea.org/topics/energysecurity/
[5]
Nkrumah, F. (2002) Feasibility Study of Wind Energy Utilization along the Coast of Ghana. Unpublished MSc Project Report, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi.
[6]
Agbeve, M. S., Titiati, A. and Quaye, W. (2011) Emerging Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation: A Case Study in Dangbe East District of Ghana. African Technology Policy Studies Network, Nairobi.
[7]
Awopone, A.K., Zobaa, A.F. and Banuenumah, B. (2017) Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of Power Generation Expansion Plan of Ghana. Energy Policy, 104, 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.01.034
[8]
Nelson, E., Mendoza, G., Regetz, J., Polasky, S., Tallis, H., Cameron, D., et al. (2009) Modeling Multiple Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity Conservation, Commodity Production, and Tradeoffs at Landscape Scales. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7, 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1890/080023
[9]
Appiah, K.A. (2011) The Honor Code: How Moral Revolutions Happen. WW Norton & Company, New York.
[10]
Kumi, E.N. (2017) The Electricity Situation in Ghana: Challenges and Opportunities. Center for Global Development, Washington DC.
[11]
Gloppen, K.M., Arthur, M.W., Hawkins, J.D. and Shapiro, V.B. (2012) Sustainability of the Communities That Care Prevention System by Coalitions Participating in the Community Youth Development Study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, 259-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.018
[12]
Frondel, M., Ritter, N., Schmidt, C.M. and Vance, C. (2010) Economic Impacts from the Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies: The German Experience. Energy Policy, 38, 4048-4056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.029
[13]
Agbavor, D. (2015) Correlation between Sun Light Intensity and Wind Speeds of a Coastal Location. Vaasa University of Applied Sciences, Finland.
[14]
Wolar, J. (2008) Meteorological Towers and Wind Power Analysis. General Primer. Revised in December 2008. Alternate Energy Solutions Inc., Toronto.
[15]
Yihdego, Y., Salem, H.S. and Pudza, M.Y. (2017) Renewable Energy: Wind Farm Perspectives—The Case of Africa. Journal of Sustainable Energy Engineering, 5, 281-306. https://doi.org/10.7569/jsee.2017.629521
[16]
Morris, M., Robbins, G., Hansen, U.E. and Nygaard, I. (2020) Energy and Industrial Policy Failure in the South African Wind Renewable Energy Global Value Chain: The Political Economy Dynamics Driving a Stuttering Localisation Process. University of Cape Town, South Africa.
[17]
Ardo, S., Rivas, D.F., Modestino, M.A., Greiving, V.S., Abdi, F.F., Llado, E.A., Bederak, D., et al. (2018) Pathways to Electrochemical Solar-Hydrogen Technologies. Energy & Environmental Science, 11, 2768-2783. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE03639F
[18]
Smil, V. (2016) Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara.
[19]
Liner, C.L. and McGilvery, T.A. (2019) Historical Overview of Petroleum and Seismology. In: Liner, C.L. and McGilvery, T.A., Eds., The Art and Science of Seismic Interpretation, Springer, Cham, 41-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03998-1_2
[20]
Trencher, G., Rinscheid, A., Duygan, M., Truong, N. and Asuka, J. (2020) Revisiting Carbon Lock-In in Energy Systems: Explaining the Perpetuation of Coal Power in Japan. Energy Research & Social Science, 69, Article ID: 101770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101770
[21]
Didane, D.H., Ab Wahab, A., Shamsudin, S.S. and Rosly, N. (2016) Wind as a Sustainable Alternative Energy Source in Malaysia—A Review. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11, 6442-6449.
[22]
Arshad, M. and O’Kelly, B. (2019) Global Status of Wind Power Generation: Theory, Practice, and Challenges. International Journal of Green Energy, 16, 1073-1090. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2019.1597369
[23]
Calvert, K. and Simandan, D. (2010) Energy, Space, and Society: A Reassessment of the Changing Landscape of Energy Production, Distribution, and Use. Journal of Economics and Business Research, 16, 13-37.
[24]
Zobaa, A.F. and Bansal, R.C. (2011) Handbook of Renewable Energy Technology. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1142/7489
[25]
Mastilović, S., Gburčik, P., Gburčik, V., Gavrilov, M. and Srdanović, V. (2006) Complementary Regimes of Solar and Wind Energy in Serbia. Geographica Pannonica, 10, 22-25. https://doi.org/10.5937/GeoPan0610022G
[26]
Wang, L.F. and Singh, C. (2009) Multicriteria Design of Hybrid Power Generation Systems Based on a Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 24, 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2008.2005280
[27]
Zhang, S.F. and He, Y.X. (2013) Analysis on the Development and Policy of Solar PV. Power in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 21, 393-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.002
[28]
Sovacool, B.K. and Watts, C. (2009) Going Completely Renewable: Is It Possible (Let Alone Desirable)? The Electricity Journal, 22, 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2009.03.011
[29]
Pierce, W., Gauché, P., von Backström, T., Brent, A.C. and Tadros, A. (2013) A Comparison of Solar Aided Power Generation (SAPG) and Stand-Alone Concentrating Solar Power (CSP): A South African Case Study. Applied Thermal Engineering, 61, 657-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.08.014
[30]
Zhao, X.L., Zhang, S.F., Zou, Y.S. and Yao, J. (2013) To What Extent Does Wind Power Deployment Affect Vested Interests? A Case Study of the Northeast China Grid. Energy Policy, 63, 814-822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.092
[31]
Tong, C.W., Zainon, M.Z., Chew, P.S., Kui, S.C., Keong, W.S. and Chen, P.K., (2010) Innovative Power-Augmentation-Guide-Vane Design of Wind-Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy Harvester for Urban High Rise Application. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1225, 507-521. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3464898
[32]
Cochrane, P. (2006) Exploring Cultural Capital and Its Importance in Sustainable Development. Ecological Economics, 57, 318-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.04.012
[33]
Xu, J.P. and Liu, T.T. (2020) Technological Paradigm-Based Approaches Towards Challenges and Policy Shifts for Sustainable Wind Energy Development. Energy Policy, 142, Article ID: 111538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111538
[34]
McKenna, R., Leye, P.O. and Fichtner, W. (2016) Key Challenges and Prospects for Large Wind Turbines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 1212-1221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.080
[35]
Global Wind Energy Council (2011) Global Wind Report—Annual Market Update. Global Wind Energy Council, Brussels.
[36]
Arshad, M. and O’Kelly, B.C. (2016) Analysis and Design of Monopile Foundations for Offshore Wind-Turbine Structures. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 34, 503-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2015.1033070
[37]
Baagøe-Engels, V. and Stentoft, J. (2016) Operations and Maintenance Issues in the Offshore Wind Energy Sector. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 10, 245-265. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-04-2015-0012
[38]
Kilduff, M. and Tsai, W. (2003) Social Networks and Organizations. SAGE Publications Ltd., Thousand Oaks, CA. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781849209915
[39]
Krejcie, R.V. and Morgan, D.W. (1970) Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
[40]
Saunders, M.N. and Lewis, P. (2012) Doing Research in Business & Management: An Essential Guide to Planning Your Project. Pearson Education, Canada.
[41]
Robson, C. and McCartsn, K. (2011) Real World Research. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., West Sussex.
[42]
Ahadzie, D.K., Proverbs, D.G. and Olomolaiye, P.O. (2008) Model for Predicting the Performance of Project Managers at the Construction Phase of Mass House Building Projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 134, 618-629. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2008)134:8(618)
[43]
Mead, I. (2017) International Energy Outlook 2017. U.S. Energy Information Administration, USA. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.047
[44]
Mohammed, Y.S., Mokhtar, A.S., Bashir, N. and Saidur, R. (2013) An Overview of Agricultural Biomass for Decentralized Rural Energy in Ghana. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.047
[45]
Mensah, G.S., Kemausuor, F. and Brew-Hammond, A. (2014) Energy Access Indicators and Trends in Ghana. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30, 317-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.032