The maze is a type of assessment tool for reading in the context of Curriculum-Based
Measurement (CBM). Over the last three decades, the maze, with the contribution
of technology, is evolving into an assessment tool that can be automatically
administered and scored. The objective of this study was to review the
literature research on the maze. Sixty-three studies and other sources have
been reviewed, and it was found that it is a technically adequate measurement
for universal screening and monitoring progress and has a high correlation with
reading achievement tests. Additionally, the maze seems to be a time-efficient
and sensitive tool, included in most CBM tests. However, some significant
issues emerging from the review need further investigation. These issues are
related to the reading maze measures, its instructional utility as a
progress-monitoring tool, and the determination of the maze’s distractors.
References
[1]
Abu-Hamour, B. (2013). The Use of the Arabic CBM Maze among Three Levels of Achievers in Jordan. International Journal of Special Education, 28, 150-159. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1024425.pdf
[2]
Ardoin, S. P., Witt, J. C., Suldo, S. M., Connell, J. E., Koenig, J. L., Resetar, J. L., Williams, K. L. et al. (2004). Examining the Incremental Benefits of Administering a Maze and Three versus One Curriculum-Based Measurement Reading Probes When Conducting Universal Screening. School Psychology Review, 33, 218-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2004.12086244
[3]
Ball, C. R., & Christ, T. J. (2012). Supporting Valid Decision Making: Uses and Misuses of Assessment Data within the Context of RTI. Psychology in the Schools, 49, 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21592
[4]
Beale, I. L. (2005). Scaffolding and Integrated Assessment in Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) for Children with Learning Disabilities. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 21, 173-191. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.1332
[5]
Brown-Chidsey, R., Davis, L., & Maya, C. (2003). Sources of Variance in Curriculum-Based Measures of Silent Reading. Psychology in the Schools, 40, 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10095
[6]
Brown-Chidsey, R., Johnson Jr., P., & Fernstrom, R. (2005). Comparison of Grade-Level Controlled and Literature-Based Maze CBM Reading Passages. School Psychology Review, 34, 387-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2005.12086293
[7]
Burns, M. K., Taylor, C. N., Warmbold-Brann, K. L., Preast, J. L., Hosp, J. L., & Ford, J. W. (2017). Empirical Synthesis of the Effect of Standard Error of Measurement on Decisions Made within Brief Experimental Analyses of Reading Fluency. Psychology in the Schools, 54, 640-654. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22022
[8]
Busch, T. W., & Reschly, A. L. (2007). Progress Monitoring in Reading: Using Curriculum-Based Measurement in a Response-to-Intervention Model. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 32, 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1177/15345084070320040401
[9]
Christ, T. J., & Ardoin, S. P. (2009). Curriculum-Based Measurement of Oral Reading: Passage Equivalence and Probe-Set Development. Journal of School Psychology, 47, 55-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2008.09.004
[10]
Christ, T. J., Silberglitt, B., Yeo, S., & Cormier, D. (2010). Curriculum-Based Measurement of Oral Reading: An Evaluation of Growth Rates and Seasonal Effects among Students Served in General and Special Education. School Psychology Review, 39, 447-462. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2010.12087765
[11]
Chung, S., Espin, C. A., & Stevenson, C. E. (2018). CBM Maze-Scores as Indicators of Reading Level and Growth for Seventh-Grade Students. Reading and Writing, 31, 627-648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-017-9803-8
[12]
Conoyer, S. J., Lembke, E. S., Hosp, J. L., Espin, C. A., Hosp, M. K., & Poch, A. L. (2017). Getting More from Your Maze: Examining Differences in Distractors. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 33, 141-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2016.1142913
[13]
Coyne, M. D., & Harn, B. A. (2006). Promoting Beginning Reading Success through Meaningful Assessment of Early Literacy Skills. Psychology in the Schools, 43, 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20127
[14]
Coyne, M. D., Zipoli Jr., R. P., & Ruby, M. F. (2006). Beginning Reading Instruction for Students at Risk for Reading Disabilities: What, How, and When. Intervention in School and Clinic, 41, 161-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/10534512060410030601
[15]
Crawford, L., Tindal, G., & Stieber, S. (2001). Using Oral Reading Rate to Predict Student Performance on Statewide Achievement Tests. Educational Assessment, 7, 303-323. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326977EA0704_04
[16]
Cutting, L. E., & Scarborough, H. S. (2006). Prediction of Reading Comprehension: Relative Contributions of Word Recognition, Language Proficiency, and Other Cognitive Skills Can Depend on How Comprehension Is Measured. Scientific Studies of Reading, 10, 277-299. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532799xssr1003_5
[17]
Davis, L., Fuchs, L., & Fuchs, D. (1995). “Will CBM Help Me Learn?” Students 1 Perception of the Benefits of Curriculum-Based Measurement. Education and Treatment of Children, 18, 19-32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42899384
[18]
Deno, S. L. (1985). Curriculum-Based Measurement: The Emerging Alternative. Exceptional Children, 52, 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440298505200303
[19]
Deno, S. L., & Fuchs, L. S. (1987). Developing Curriculum-Based Measurement Systems for Data-Based Special Education Problem Solving. Focus on Exceptional Children, 19, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.17161/foec.v19i8.7497
[20]
Deno, S. L., Maruyama, G., Espin, C. A., & Cohen, C. (1989). The Basic Academic Skills samples (BASS). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota.
[21]
Deno, S. L., Mirkin, P. K., & Chiang, B. (1982). Identifying Valid Measures of Reading. Exceptional Children, 49, 36-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440298204900105
[22]
Fuchs, L. S. (2004). The Past, Present, and Future of Curriculum-Based Measurement Research. School Psychology Review, 33, 188-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2004.12086241
[23]
Fuchs, L. S., & Deno, S. L. (1991). Paradigmatic Distinctions between Instructionally Relevant Measurement Models. Exceptional Children, 57, 488-500. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440299105700603
[24]
Fuchs, L. S., & Deno, S. L. (1994). Must Instructionally Useful Performance Assessment Be Based in the Curriculum? Exceptional Children, 61, 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440299406100103
[25]
Fuchs, L. S., & Fuchs, D. (1992). Identifying a Measure for Monitoring Student Reading Progress. School Psychology Review, 21, 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.1992.12085594
[26]
Fuchs, L. S., & Shinn, M. R. (1989). Writing CBM IEP Objectives. In Curriculum-Based Measurement: Assessing Special Children (pp. 130-152). New York: The Guilford Press. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark_Shinn/publication/232524468_Writing_CBM_IEP_ objectives/links/56312cf108ae506cea677783/Writing-CBM-IEP-objectives.pdf
[27]
Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Hamlett, C. L., Walz, L., & Germann, G. (1993). Formative Evaluation of Academic Progress: How Much Growth Can We Expect? School Psychology Review, 22, 27-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.1993.12085636
[28]
Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Hosp, M. K., & Jenkins, J. R. (2001). Oral Reading Fluency as an Indicator of Reading Competence: A Theoretical, Empirical, and Historical Analysis. Scientific Studies of Reading, 5, 239-256. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532799XSSR0503_3
[29]
Gersten, R., Fuchs, L. S., Williams, J. P., & Baker, S. (2001). Teaching Reading Comprehension Strategies to Students with Learning Disabilities: A Review of Research. Review of Educational Research, 71, 279-320. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543071002279
[30]
Gough, P. B., & Tunmer, W. E. (1986). Decoding, Reading, and Reading Disability. Remedial and Special Education, 7, 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193258600700104
[31]
Guthrie, J., Seifert, M., Burnham, N., & Caplan, R. (1974). The Maze Technique to Assess, Monitor Reading Comprehension. The Reading Teacher, 28, 161-168. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20193704
[32]
Hintze, J. M. (2009). Conceptual and Empirical Issues Related to Developing a Response-to-Intervention Framework. Journal of Evidence-Based Practices for Schools, 9, 128-147.
[33]
Hintze, J. M., Christ, T. J., & Methe, S. A. (2006). Curriculum-Based Assessment. Psychology in the Schools, 43, 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20128
[34]
Hintze, J. M., Wells, C. S., Marcotte, A. M., & Solomon, B. G. (2018). Decision-Making Accuracy of CBM Progress-Monitoring Data. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 36, 74-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282917729263
[35]
Jenkins, J. R., & Jewell, M. (1992). An Examination of the Concurrent Validity of the Basic Academic Skills Samples (BASS). Diagnostique, 17, 273-288. https://doi.org/10.1177/153450849201700405
[36]
Jenkins, J. R., & Jewell, M. (1993). Examining the Validity of Two Measures for Formative Teaching: Reading Aloud and Maze. Exceptional Children, 59, 421-432. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440299305900505
[37]
Jenkins, J. R., Fuchs, L. S., Van Den Broek, P., Espin, C., & Deno, S. L. (2003). Sources of Individual Differences in Reading Comprehension and Reading Fluency. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 719. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.95.4.719
[38]
Kendeou, P., & Papadopoulos, T. C. (2012). The Use of CBM-Maze in Greek: A Closer Look at What It Measures. In C. A. Espin, K. L. McMaster, S. Rose, & M. M. Wayman (Eds.), A Measure of Success: The Influence of Curriculum-Based Measurement on Education (pp. 329-339). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. https://www.academia.edu/3902506/The_Use_of_Curriculum-Based_Measurement_ Maze_in_Greek https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816679706.003.0030
[39]
Kendeou, P., Papadopoulos, T. C., & Spanoudis, G. (2012). Processing Demands of Reading Comprehension Tests in Young Readers. Learning and Instruction, 22, 354-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.02.001
[40]
Leighton, J. P., & Gierl, M. J. (2011). The Learning Sciences in Educational Assessment: The Role of Cognitive Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511996276
[41]
Linacre, J. M. (2000). Computer-Adaptive Testing: A Methodology Whose Time Has Come (No. 69, p. 58). MESA Memorandum. https://www.cehd.umn.edu/EdPsych/C-Bas-R/Docs/Linacre2000_CAT.pdf
[42]
McConnell, S., & Wackerle-Hollman, A. (2015). Can We Measure the Transition to Reading? General Outcome Measures and Early Literacy Development from Preschool to Early Elementary Grades. AERA Open, 2. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858416653756
[43]
Muijselaar, M. M., Kendeou, P., de Jong, P. F., & van den Broek, P. W. (2017). What Does the CBM-Maze Test Measure? Scientific Studies of Reading, 21, 120-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2016.1263994
[44]
National Reading Panel (U.S.), & National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.) (2000). Report of the National Reading Panel: Teaching Children to Read: An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and Its Implications for Reading Instruction: Reports of the Subgroups. Washington DC: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health.
[45]
Oakhill, J. V., & Cain, K. (2012). The Precursors of Reading Ability in Young Readers: Evidence from a Four-Year Longitudinal Study. Scientific Studies of Reading, 16, 91-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2010.529219
[46]
Parker, R., Hasbrouck, J. E., & Tindal, G. (1992). The Maze as a Classroom-Based Reading Measure: Construction Methods, Reliability, and Validity. The Journal of Special Education, 26, 195-218. https://doi.org/10.1177/002246699202600205
[47]
Perfetti, C. (2007). Reading Ability: Lexical Quality to Comprehension. Scientific Studies of Reading, 11, 357-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888430701530730
[48]
Petscher, Y., Cummings, K. D., Biancarosa, G., & Fien, H. (2013). Advanced (Measurement) Applications of Curriculum-Based Measurement in Reading. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 38, 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534508412461434
[49]
Protopappas, A., & Skaloubakas, Ch. (2008). Assessment of Reading Fluency for Reading Difficulties Identification. Psychologia, 15, 267-289. (In Greek)
[50]
Reschly, A. L., Busch, T. W., Betts, J., Deno, S. L., & Long, J. D. (2009). Curriculum-Based Measurement Oral Reading as an Indicator of Reading Achievement: A Meta-Analysis of the Correlational Evidence. Journal of School Psychology, 47, 427-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2009.07.001
[51]
Shin, J., & McMaster, K. (2019). Relations between CBM (Oral Reading and Maze) and Reading Comprehension on State Achievement Tests: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of School Psychology, 73, 131-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2019.03.005
[52]
Shin, J., Deno, S. L., & Espin, C. (2000). Technical Adequacy of the Maze Task for Curriculum-Based Measurement of Reading Growth. The Journal of Special Education, 34, 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/002246690003400305
[53]
Shinn, M. M., & Shinn, M. R. (2002a). AIMSweb Training Workbook: Administration and Scoring of Reading Curriculum-Based Measurement (R-CBM) for Use in General Outcome Measurement. Eden Prairie, MN: Edformation. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267793797
[54]
Shinn, M. R., & Shinn, M. M. (2002b). AIMSweb Training Workbook: Administration and Scoring of Reading Maze for Use in General Outcome Measurement. Eden Prairie, MN: Edformation. https://www.cnyric.org/tfiles/folder1052/Administration%20and%20Scoring%20of %20Reading%20MAZE.pdf
[55]
Shinn, M. R., Knutson, N., Good III, R. H., Tilly III, W. D., & Collins, V. L. (1992). Curriculum-Based Measurement of Oral Reading Fluency: A Confirmatory Analysis of Its Relation to Reading. School Psychology Review, 21, 459-479. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.1992.12085629
[56]
Stecker, P. M., Lembke, E. S., & Foegen, A. (2008). Using Progress-Monitoring Data to Improve Instructional Decision Making. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 52, 48-58. https://doi.org/10.3200/PSFL.52.2.48-58
[57]
Tolar, T. D., Barth, A. E., Francis, D. J., Fletcher, J. M., Stuebing, K. K., & Vaughn, S. (2012). Psychometric Properties of Maze Tasks in Middle School Students. Assessment for Effective Intervention: Official Journal of the Council for Educational Diagnostic Services, 37, 131-146. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534508411413913
[58]
Tzivinikou, S. (2018). Screening Young Children at Risk for Reading Failure. In Early Childhood Education (pp. 1-15). London: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82081
[59]
University of Oregon (2020). 8th Edition of Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS®): Administration and Scoring Guide. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon. https://dibels.uoregon.edu/docs/materials/d8/ dibels_8_admin_and_scoring_guide_05_2020.pdf
[60]
Van Norman, E. R., & Christ, T. J. (2016). Curriculum-Based Measurement of Reading: Accuracy of Recommendations from Three-Point Decision Rules. School Psychology Review, 45, 296-309. https://doi.org/10.17105/SPR45-3.296-309
[61]
Van Norman, E. R., Maki, K. E., Burns, M. K., McComas, J. J., & Helman, L. (2018). Comparison of Progress Monitoring Data from General Outcome Measures and Specific Subskill Mastery Measures for Reading. Journal of School Psychology, 67, 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2018.02.002
[62]
Wayman, M. M., Wallace, T., Wiley, H. I., Tichá, R., & Espin, C. A. (2007). Literature Synthesis on Curriculum-Based Measurement in Reading. The Journal of Special Education, 41, 85-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/00224669070410020401
[63]
Wiley, H. I., & Deno, S. L. (2005). Oral Reading and Maze Measures as Predictors of Success for English Learners on a State Standards Assessment. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1177/07419325050260040301
[64]
Yeo, S. (2010). Predicting Performance on State Achievement Tests Using Curriculum-Based Measurement in Reading: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis. Remedial and Special Education, 31, 412-422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932508327463