Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation Using Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) Combined with Cohesive Zone Model (CZM), of Crack Growth Induced by Non-Explosive Expansive Material on Two Neighboring Circular Holes of A Gneiss Rock
The
Non-explosive expansion material (NEEM) is a method more environmentally
friendly than the harmful conventional rock fracturing techniques. However, it
is slower and very costly. Thus, any means of economizing their use is very
desirable. This paper investigates the crack growth between two neighboring
holes of a gneiss rock internally pressurized by NEEM mixed with water with the
aim to evaluate the influence of holes spacing (center-to-center distance), on
the initiation and growth of cracks. Field experimental results reveal that
crack starts earlier and grows faster with increasing ambient temperature. But
when the ambient temperature is above 28°C, the NEEM is “blown out” of the
holes. At these ambient temperatures, the surrounding rocks are hot and cannot
dissipate efficiently the heat generated by the hydration reaction. The best
filling time was found to be in the evening when the daily hot temperature has
drooped. The time to first crack increases as hole diameter decreases. The 3D numerical
modeling and simulation of crack growth between two neighboring holes
internally pressurized by NEEM using ABAQUS (XFEM/CZM) software shows a good agreement with the
theoretical and experimental results.
References
[1]
Saharan, M.R. and Mitri, H.S. (2008) Numerical Procedure for Dynamic Simulation of Discrete Fractures Due to Blasting. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 41, 641-670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-007-0136-9
[2]
Huynh, M.P. and Laefer, D.F. (2009) Expansive Cements and Soundless Chemical Demolition Agents: State of Technology Review. Proceedings of 11th Conference on Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, 21-23 October 2009, 209-214.
[3]
De Silva, R., Ranjith, P.G. and Mandadige, A.P. (2016) An Alternative to Conventional Rock Fragmentation Methods Using SCDA: A Review. Energies, 9, 958.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en9110958
[4]
Shang, J., Zhao, Z. and Aliyu, M.M. (2018) Stresses Induced by a Demolition Agent in Non-Explosive Rock Fracturing. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 107, 172-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.04.049
[5]
Tang, S.B., et al. (2017) Study of the Fracture Process in Heterogeneous Materials around Boreholes Filled with Expansion Cement. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 112, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2017.03.002
[6]
Arshadnejad, S., Goshtasbi, K. and Aghazadeh, J. (2009) Stress Concentration Analysis between Two Neighboring Circular Holes under Internal Pressure of a Non-Explosive Expansion Material. Yerbilimleri, 30, 259-270.
[7]
Natanzi, A.S., Laefer, D.F., et al. (2016) Cold and Moderate Ambient Temperatures Effects on Expansive Pressure Development in Soundless Chemical Demolition Agent. Construction and Building Materials, 110, 117-127.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.016
[8]
Laefer, D.F., Ceribasi, S., Wortman, J., Abrozevitch-Cooper, N., Huynh, M.P. and Midgette, J. (2010) Expansive Fracture Agent Behaviour for Concrete Cracking. Magazine of Concrete Research, 62, 443-452.
https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2010.62.6.443
[9]
Arshadnejad, S., Goshtasbi, K. and Aghazadeh, J. (2011) A Model to Determine Hole Spacing in the Rock Fracture Process by Non-Explosive Expansion Material. International Journal of Minerals Metallurgy and Materials, 18, 509-514.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-011-0470-5
[10]
El Dessouki, S. and Mitri, A.H. (2011) Rock Breakage Using Expansive Cement. Engineering, 3, 168. https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2011.32020
[11]
Moes, N. and Belytschko, T. (2002) Extended Finite Element Method for Cohesive Crack Growth. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 69, 831-833.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(01)00128-X
[12]
Dolbow, J., Moës, N. and Belytschko, T. (2001) An Extended Finite Element Method for Modeling Crack Growth with Frictional Contact. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 190, 6825-6846.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7825(01)00260-2
[13]
Sivakumar, G. and Maji, V.B. (2016) Simulation of Crack Propagation in Rocks by XFEM. Recent Advances in Rock Engineering (RARE 2016), Bengaluru, 16-18 November 2016. https://doi.org/10.2991/rare-16.2016.46
[14]
Haddad, M. and Sepehrnoori, K. (2016) XFEM-Based CZM for the Simulation of 3D Multiple-Cluster Hydraulic Fracturing in Quasi-Brittle Shale Formations. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 49, 4731-4748.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1057-2
[15]
Zielonka, M., et al. (2014) Development and Validation of Fully-Coupled Hydraulic Fracturing Simulation Capabilities. 2014 SIMULIA Community Conference, SCC2014, Providence, 19-21 May 2014.
[16]
Murakami, Y. (2016) Theory of Elasticity and Stress Concentration. Wiley, West Sussex, 445. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119274063
[17]
Blal, N., Daridon, L., Monerie, Y. and Pagano, S. (2011) On Mesh Size to Cohesive Zone Parameters Relationships. ACOMEN 2011, Liège, November 2011.
[18]
Daridon, L., Monerie, Y., Pagano, S. and Blal, N. (2012) Artificial Compliance Inherent to the Intrinsic Cohesive Zone Models: Criteria and Application to Planar meshes. International Journal of Fracture, 178, 71-83.
[19]
Giner, E., Sukumar, N., Tarancón, J. and Fuenmayor, F. (2008). An Abaqus Implementation of the Extended Finite Element Method. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 76, 347-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2008.10.015
[20]
Gasc-Barbier, M. and Wassermann, J. (2013) Etude de l’anisotropie des roches par la méthode ultrasonique—Application au gneiss de Valabres. Bulletin des Laboratories des Ponts et Chaussees, No. 280-281, 139-153.
[21]
Kawa, Z. and Alshkane, Y. (2018) Physical and Mechanical Properties of Metamorphic Rocks. Journal of Garmian University, 5, 194-209.
https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.334
[22]
Chen, X., Deng, X.M. and Sutton, M.A. (2013) Simulation of Stable Tearing Crack Growth Events Using the Cohesive Zone Model Approach. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 99, 223-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2012.12.017
