Green building rating tools used for planning and assessing the impact of buildings on the environment are continually revised in line with user needs. The appropriateness of tools for the Zambian building industry depends on whether the tools adequately meet minimum green buildings standards and the country’s environmental aspirations. The utilization of green building rating tools is important if Zambia is to achieve the real benefits of green buildings, however very little is known about the levels of utilization in Zambia. A cross-sectional study of 115 professionals from the building industry in Zambia was undertaken using a sequential mixed method approach, to investigate the level of utilization, preferred criteria and, the barriers and drivers to the utilization of tools. The significance of the study was that it demonstrated the association between utilization of green building rating tools and environmental, technological, economic, and social green buildings practices by selected professionals in the Zambian building industry. There is a need to use materials and practices that are locally based and promote the local economy. The technical needs were met in tools, that were considered easy to use, interesting and comprehensive. Some of the green building rating tools were considered unsuitable due to the absence of appropriate criteria and the main economic challenge was the high cost of certification. The association was significant between utilization and those involved in a variety of projects than those who were involved in only residential buildings. Barriers to utilization were a lack of government regulations on green buildings designs and the high cost of certification. The drivers were environmental benefits, the interest of developers in green buildings, and having technical skills. The study recommends a review of the current building regulations to include green buildings practices and materials and adaptation of appropriate rating tools.
References
[1]
Lucon, O., Urge-Vorsatz, D., Zain Ahmed, A., Akbari, H., Bertoldi, P.L.F., Cabeza, L. and Eyre, N. (2014) Buildings Climate Change, Mitigation of Climate Change, 677-678. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter9.pdf
[2]
Isa, N., Samad, Z.A. and Anuar, A. (2014) A Review on Sustainability Principles of Building: Formulation of a Theoretical Framework. Journal of Surveying, Construction and Property, 5, 1-16. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274009832 https://doi.org/10.22452/jscp/vol5no1.5
[3]
Papadopoulou, M. and Elena, S. (2012) Energy Management in Buildings Using Photovoltaics. Springer-Verlag, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2383-5
[4]
Haapio, A. and Viitaniemi, P. (2008) A Critical Review of Building Environmental Assessment Tools. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 28, 469-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2008.01.002
[5]
Nguyen, B.K. and Altan, H. (2011) Comparative Review of Five Sustainable Rating Systems. Procedia Engineering, 21, 376-386. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82379402.pdf https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.2029
[6]
Thurlow, J., Zhu, T.J. and Diao, X.S. (2012) Current Climate Variability and Future Climate Change: Estimated Growth and Poverty Impacts for Zambia. Review of Development Economics, 16, 394-411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2012.00670.x
[7]
UNEP (2009) The Sustainable Cities Programme in Zambia (1994-2007): Addressing Challenges of Rapid Urbanbanisation. UN-Habitat Publication, Nairobi.
[8]
Chibwe, M. (2016) Sustainable Housing Guidelines ZGJP. Ministry of Local Government, 4-20.
[9]
UN Green Jobs Program (2014) Good Working Conditions Good Business? An Analysis of Zambia’s Building Construction Market System November 2014. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/green-jobs/publications/WCMS_476085/lang--en/index.htm
[10]
African Development Bank (2020) Zambia Economic Outlook.
[11]
ILO (2014) Good Working Conditions Good Business? An Analysis of Zamba’s Building Construction Market System, Zambia Green Jobs Publication.
[12]
Ministry of National Development Plan (2006) Republic of Zambia VISION 2030. A Prosperous Middle-Income Nation by 2030. http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/zam170109.pdf
[13]
Times of Zambia (2015) The Zambia Green Building Association (ZGBA). https://www.ilo.org/africa/countries-covered/zambia/WCMS_367965/lang--en/index.htm
[14]
US Green Building Council (2013) The LEED Manual. https://www.worldgbc.org/
[15]
Bernardi, E., Carlucci, S., Cornaro, C. and André, B.R. (2017) An Analysis of the Most Adopted Rating Systems for Assessing the Environmental Impact of Buildings. Norwegian University of Science Publication, 5-10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318417697
[16]
Reed, R., Bilos, A., Wilkinson, S. and Schulte, K.W. (2009) International Comparison of Sustainable Rating Tools. Journal of Sustainable Real Estate, 1, 1-20.
[17]
McArthur, J., Herrera, H. and Mantha, P. (2014) International Sustainability Systems Comparison Key International Sustainability Systems: Energy and Water Conservation Requirements. CoreNet Global by Ove Arup & Partners Ltd., 3-10.
[18]
McGraw Hill Construction (2004) Smart Market Report: Business Value of BIM for Construction in Major Global Markets How Contractors around the World Are Driving Innovation with Building Information Modeling.
[19]
Sharifi, A. and Murayama, A. (2013) A Critical Review of Seven Selected Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment Tools. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 38, 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2012.06.006
[20]
Green Star Council of Australia and Green Star (2015) Introduction of the Green Star Rating Tool.
[21]
Gibson, R.B. (2006) Sustainability-Based Assessment Criteria and Associated Frameworks for Evaluations and Decisions. Theory, Practice and Implications for the Mackenzie Gas Project Review. In SSRN Journal.
[22]
Elmeligy, A.D. (2014) Rating Systems Awareness for Green Buildings Applications. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES), 3, 53-64.
[23]
Azadian, F. and Radzi, M. (2013) A General Approach Toward Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems and Its Implementation Barriers: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 527-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.056
[24]
Dahle, M. and Neumayer, E. (2016) Barriers to Adoption of Campus Green Building. Smart and Sustainable Buildings, 4, 9, 16-21.
[25]
Jarnehammar, A., Green, J., Kildsgaard, I., Iverfeldt, A., Foldbjerg, P., Hayden, J. and Oja, A. (2008) Barriers and Possibilities for a More Energy Efficient Construction Sector. Sustainable Energy Communities in Urban Area in Europe, Malmo.
[26]
Kennedy, M. and Basu, B. (2013) Overcoming Barriers to Low Carbon Technology Transfer and Deployment: An Exploration of the Impact of Projects in Developing and Emerging Economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26, 685-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.071
[27]
Zhang, Y. and Wang, Y. (2013) Barriers’ and Policies’ Analysis of China’s Building Energy Efficiency. Energy Policy, 62, 768-773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.128
[28]
Samari, M., Ghodrati, N. and Shafiei, M.V.M. (2012) Implementation of Sustainable Development in Construction Industry in Penang Island, International Journal of Emerging trends in Engineering and Development. Malasyia. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v7n2p1
[29]
Abidin, Z. and Powmya, A. (2014) Perceptions on Motivating Factors and Future 510 Prospects of Green Construction in Oman. Journal of Sustainable Development, 7, 231-239. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v7n5p231
[30]
Häkkinen, T. and Belloni, K. (2011) Barriers and Drivers for Sustainable Building. Building Research & Information, 39, 239-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2011.561948
[31]
Dahiru, D., Dania, A.A. and Adejoh, A. (2014) An Investigation into the Prospects of Green Building Practice in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development, 7, 158-157. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v7n6p158
[32]
Dadzie, J. and Ohemeng, E. (2014) Barriers to Sustainable Construction in the Ghanaian Construction Industry: Consultants Perspective. Journal of Sustainable Development, 7, 134-144.
[33]
Darko, A., Zhang, C. and Chain A. (2017) Drivers of Green Building: An Empirical Review. Habitat International, 60, 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.12.007
[34]
Arif, M., Egbu, C., Haleem, A., Kulonda, D. and Khalfan, M. (2009) State of Green Construction in India: Drivers and Challenges. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 7, 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1108/17260530910975005 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338363717
[35]
(2018) Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2014-2022. Logistics Market. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases
[36]
Ali, S., Smith, A., Pitt, M. and Choon, C.H. (2010) Contractors Perception of Factors Contributing To Project Delay. Case Studies of Commercial Projects in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Journal of Design and Built Environment, 1, 4357.
[37]
Windapo, A.O. (2014) Examination of Green Buildng Drivers in South Africa Construction Industry. Department of Construction Economics and Management, 6092-6096.
[38]
Alsanad, S.A. (2015) Awareness, Drivers, Actions, and Barriers of Sustainable Construction in Kuwait. Procedia Engineering, 118, 969-983. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281791427 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.538
[39]
Zhou, J., Tam, V.W.Y. and Qin, Y. (2018) Gaps between Awareness and Activities on Green Construction in China: A Perspective of On-Site Personnel. Sustainability, 10, 2266. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326140627 https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072266
[40]
Ofori, G. and Kien, H.L. (2004) Translating Singapore Architects’ Environmental Awareness into Decision Making. Building Research & Information, 232, 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210210132928
[41]
Shi, Q., Zuo, J., Huang, R., Huang, J. and Pullen, S. (2013) Identifying the Critical Factors for Green Construction—An Empirical Study in China. Habitat International, 40, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.01.003
[42]
Bahaudin, A.Y., Elias, E.M. and Saifudin, A.M. (2014) A Comparison of the Green Building’s Criteria School of Technology Management & Logistics, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia.
[43]
Fisher, A.C. and Rothkop, M.H. (1989) Market Failure and Energy Policy: A Rationale for Selective Conservation. Energy Policy, 17, 397-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(89)90010-4
[44]
Sutherland, R.J. (2006) Market Barriers to Energy-Efficient Investments. Toronto Green Development Standard Report.
[45]
Golove, W.H. and Eto, J.H. (1996) Market Barriers to Energy Efficiency: A Critical Reappraisal of the Rationale for Public Policies to Promote Energy Efficiency, Energy & Environment Division. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, California. https://doi.org/10.2172/270751
[46]
Varone, F. and Aebischer, B. (2000) Energy Efficiency: The Challenges of Policy Design. Energy Policy, 29, 615-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00156-7
[47]
Ofori, G. (2006) Attaining Sustainability through Construction Procurement in Singapore. CIB W092-Procurement Systems Conference, Salford.
[48]
Onososen, A.O., Osanyin, O. and Adeyemo, M.O. (2019) Drivers and Barriers to the Implementation of Green Building Development. PM World Journal, 8, 1-15.
[49]
Ntshwane, K., Essah, E. and Dixon, T. (2014) Investigating the Level of Awareness of Building Assessment Tools in the Construction Industry of Botswana. Annual ARCOM Conference, Portsmouth, 1-3 September 2014.
[50]
Du Plessis, C. and Cole, R.J. (2011) Motivating Change: Shifting the Paradigm. Building Research and Information, 39, 436-449. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2011.582697
[51]
Varela, S.L., Yepes, V. and Pellicer, E. (2018) A Review of Multi-Criteria Assessment of the Social Sustainability of Infrastructures. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 496-513. https://www.academia.edu/36343862/es https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.022
[52]
Atsusaka, N. (2003) Growing the Green Building Industry in Lane County—A Report for the Lane County Sustainable Business and Job Project. Report Prepared from the Program for Watershed and Community Health, Institute for a Sustainable Environment, University of Oregon, Oregon.
[53]
Chan, E.W.W., Qian, K.Q. and Lam, I.P. (2009) The Market for Green Building in Developed Asian Cities: The Perspectives of Building Designers. Energy Policy, 37, 3061-3070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.03.057
[54]
Lam, P.T., Chan, E.H., Ann, T.W., Cam, W.C. and Jack, S.Y. (2015) Applicability of Clean Development Mechanism to the Hong Kong Building Sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 109, 271-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.141
[55]
Malanca, M. (2010) Conference on Promoting Green Building Rating in Africa. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), Urban Environment and Planning Branch. UNON, Nairobi.
[56]
Mpakati-Gama, E.C., Wamuziri, S. and Sloan, B. (2011) Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation in Sub-Sahara Africa—A State of the Art Review. The Built & Human Environment Review, 4, 56-63.
[57]
Bond, S. (2010) Best of the Best in Green Design: Drivers and Barriers to Sustainable Development in Australia. Lincoln University Digital Dissertation, Cantebury. http://dspace.lincoln.ac.nz/handle/10182/3212