This paper is an attempt to investigate the cointegration and Granger causal relationship between remittances and economic growth in West Africa with special reference to Burkina-Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria, and Togo. Different from limited existing countries studies in west Africa, an advanced panel econometric methodology such as dynamic Panel data techniques, considers the question of remittances on economic growth in West Africa. Our results suggest that remittances on economic growth in West Africa exert a positive and significant impact. Furthermore, a positive relationship between remittance, real effective exchange rate, trade openness, investment on economic growth was detected. Thereby it is important to examine the causal effects of both remittances and economic growth in West Africa, which conclude the existence of a short-term relationship between remittance and economic growth in West Africa. The above findings and conclusions informed the following recommendations: There is a need for carefulness in the management of funds sent home by migrants. Such monies are expected to be guided into productive ventures and not for wastefulness. To earn the full benefits of improved migrant’s remittances, West Africa must create an investment climate that is appealing to Africans in the diaspora. Lastly, there is equally the need for West Africa economies to rely more on domestic investment rather than on foreign capital inflows for their economic growth.
References
[1]
Adams, R. H., Cuecueda, A., & Page, J. (2013). The Impact of Remittances on Investment and Poverty in Ghana. World Development, 50, 24-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.04.009
[2]
Adenutsi, E. D. (2011). Financial Development, International Remittances and Endogenous Growth in Ghana. Studies in Economics and Finance, 28, 68-89. https://doi.org/10.1108/10867371111110561
[3]
Adu-Gyamfi, G., Nketiah, E., Obuobi, B., & Adjei, M. (2020). Trade Openness, Inflation and GDP Growth: Panel Data Evidence from Nine (9) West Africa Countries. Open Journal of Business and Management, 8, 314-328. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2020.81019
[4]
Ang, A. (2007). Workers’ Remittances and Economic Growth in the Philippines. Germany: Dynamics, Economic Growth and International Trade (DEGIT). Kiel: Institute for the World Economy.
[5]
Atiga, O., Nyeadi, J. D., & Atogenzoya, C. A. (2014). The Impact of Exchange Rate Movement in Export: Empirical Evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 4, 41-48. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARAFMS/v4-i3/980
[6]
Barajas, A., Chami, R., Connel, F., Gapen, M., & Montiel, P. (2009). Do Workers’ Remittances Promote Economic Growth? IMF Working Paper, WP/09/153, Washington DC: IMF. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451873009.001
[7]
Bugamelli, M., & Paterno, F. (2009). Do Workers’ Remittances Reduce the Probability of Current Account Reversals? World Development, 37, 1821-1838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.04.002
[8]
Catrinescu, N., Leon-Ledesma, M., Piracha, M., & Quillin, B. (2009). Remittances, Institutions and Economic Growth. World Development, 37, 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.02.004
[9]
Chami, R., Fullenkamp, C., & Jahjah, S. (2003). Are Immigrant Remittance Flows a Source of Capital for Development? IMF Working Paper WP/03/189.
[10]
Chowdhury, M. B. (2011). Remittances Flow and Financial Development in Bangladesh. Economic Modeling, 28, 2600-2608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.07.013
[11]
Combes, J., & Ebeke, C. (2011). Remittances and Household Consumption Instability in Developing Countries. World Development, 39, 1076-1089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.10.006
[12]
Fayissa, B., & Nsiah, C. (2010). Can Remittances Spur Economic Growth and Development? Evidence from Latin American Countries. Department of Economics and Finance Working Paper Series, Murfreesboro, TN: Middle Tennessee State University.
[13]
Gaiha, R., Imai, K. S., Ali, A., & Kaicker, N. (2014). Remittances, Growth, and Poverty: New Evidence from Asian Countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 36, 524-538.
[14]
Giuliano, P., & Ruiz-Arranz, M. (2009). Remittances, Financial Development and Growth. Journal of Development Economics, 90, 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.10.005
[15]
Gupta, S., Patillo, C., & Wagh, S. (2009). Effect of Remittances on Poverty and Financial Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 37, 104-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.05.007
[16]
Hasan, A. R. (2006). Harnessing Remittances for Economic Development of Bangladesh. INAFI Bangladesh Working Paper Series 1.
[17]
Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
[18]
Jalil, A., & Feridun, M. (2011). The Impact of Growth, Energy and Financial Development on the Environment in China: A Cointegration Analysis. Energy Economics, 33, 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.10.003
[19]
Javid, M., Umaima, A., & Qayyum, A. (2012). Impact of Remittances on Economic Growth. Academic Research International, 2, 433-447.
[20]
Jones, C., & Driffield, N. (2013). Impact of FDI, ODA and Migrant Remittances on Economic Growth in Developing Countries: A System Approach. European Journal of Development Studies, 25, 173-196. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2013.1
[21]
Jongwanich, J. (2007). Workers’ Remittances, Economic Growth and Poverty in Developing Asia and the Pacific Countries. UNESCAP Working Paper, WP/07/01.
[22]
Kahouli, B., & Maktouf, S. (2014). Trade Creation and Diversion Effects in the Mediterranean Area: Econometric Analysis by Gravity Model. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development: An International and Comparative Review, 24, 76-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2013.873479
[23]
Kanu, S. I., & Ozurumba, B. A. (2013). Migrant’s Remittances and Economic Growth in Sub Saharan Africa: Evidence from Nigeria, Ghana, and South Africa. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4, 534-550.
[24]
Khawaja, A., & Nath, H. (2010). Worker’s Migration and Remittances in Bangladesh. Journal of Business Strategies, 27, 29-52.
[25]
Lartey, K. K. E. (2011). Remittances, Investment, and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development: An International and Comparative Review, 22, 1038-1058. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2011.632692
[26]
Levin, A., Lin, C.-F., & Chu, C.-S. J. (2002). Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
[27]
Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A Comparative Study of Unit Roots Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test. Oxford Bulleting of Economics and Statistics, No. 61, 631-652. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.13
[28]
Majumder, S. C., & Donghui, Z. (2016). Relationship between Remittance and Economic Growth in Bangladesh: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL). European Researcher, Series A, 104, 156-167. https://doi.org/10.13187/er.2016.104.156
[29]
Marwan, N. F., Kadir, A. A. N., Hussin, A., Zaini, A. A., Rashid, A. E. M., & Helmi, G. A. Z. (2013). Export, Aid, Remittance and Growth: Evidence from Sudan. Procedia Economics and Finance, 7, 3-10.
[30]
Mcgillivray, M., Iamsiraroj, S., & Feeny, S. (2014). Remittances and Economic Growth. Larger Impact in Smaller Countries?
[31]
McKinnon, R. (1973). Money and Capital in Economic Development. Washington DC: Brookings Institution.
[32]
Molina, L. Lopez, H., & Bussolo, M. (2007). Remittances and the Real Exchange Rate. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4213, Washington, DC: World Bank.
[33]
Moradbeigi, M., & Law, S. H. (2017). The Role of Financial Development in the Oil-Growth Nexus. Resources Policy, 53, 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.06.016
[34]
Naiditch, C., & Vranceanu, R. (2010). Equilibrium Migration with Invested Remittances: The EECA Evidence. European Journal of Political Economy, 26, 454-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2010.05.003
[35]
Nketiah, E., Adjei, M., Boamah, B. B., & Adu-Gyamfi, G. (2019). The Impact of Remittance on the Real Exchange Rate in Ghana. Open Journal of Business and Management, 7, 1862-1879. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2019.74128
[36]
Paul, B., Uddin, G. S., & Noman, A. (2011). Remittances and Output in Bangladesh: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration. International Review of Economics, 58, 229-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-011-0120-2
[37]
Pradhan, G., Upadhaya, M., & Upadhaya, K. (2008). Remittances and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. European Journal of Development Research, 20, 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1080/09578810802246285
[38]
Ramirez, D. M. (2013). Do Financial and Institutional Variables Enhance the Impact of Remittances on Economic Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean? A Panel Cointegration Analysis. International Atlantic Economic Society, 19, 273-288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-013-9407-2
[39]
Rao, B. B., & Hassan, G. (2011). A Panel Data Analysis of the Growth Effects of Remittances. Economic Modeling, 28, 701-709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.05.011
[40]
Salahuddin, M., & Gow, J. (2015). The Relationship between Economic Growth and Remittances in the Presence of Cross-Sectional Dependence. The Journal of Development Areas, 49, 207-221. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2015.0007
[41]
Sarkar, M., Rahman, M., Islam, M., Sikdar, M., & Khan, A. (2018). Relationship between Remittance and Economic Growth: Evidence from Bangladesh. American Journal of Trade and Policy, 5, 15-20. https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v5i3.440
[42]
Selvanathan, S., Siddique, A., & Selvanathan, E. A. (2012). Remittances and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. Journal of Development Studies, 45, 1045-1062. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2012.663904
[43]
Vargas, S. C., Jha, S., & Sujiarto, G. (2009). Remittances in Asia: Implications for the Fight against Poverty and the Pursuit of Economic Growth. ADB Economic Working Paper Series No. 182, Manila: Asian Development Bank.
[44]
Ziesemer, T. H. W. (2010). The Impact of the Credit Crisis on Poor Developing Countries: Growth, Worker Remittances, Accumulation and Migration. Economic Modeling, 27, 1230-1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.02.008
[45]
Ziesemer, T. H. W. (2012). Worker Remittances, Migration, Accumulation, and Growth in Poor Developing Countries: Survey and Analysis of Direct-Indirect Effects. Economic Modeling, 29, 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.08.013