Entwining a Conceptual Framework: Transformative, Buddhist and Indigenous

This article proposes a theoretical framework for research and pedagogy development in the context of education for sustainable development (ESD). It combines transformative learning theory with elements drawn from Buddhist and other Eastern spiritual perspectives. Firstly, it outlines the ESD context and its current gaps. Secondly, it analyzes relevant aspects of transformative learning as an educational theory in relation to ESD. Thirdly, it explores how the notions of “inner experience,” “oneness of reality,” “moral sustainable values,” and “community curriculum” arise by interweaving Buddhist/Eastern spiritual approaches with transformative learning to devise a conceptual framework. Fourthly, it presents a brief section outlining a suitable methodology for bridging together differing paradigms including its challenges and potential benefits. Finally, it considers the possible impact of said theoretical framework for innovative research and pedagogies related to sustainable learning in the Global South and internationally