The effect of copolymer composition, gas content, and temperature on the bubbles nucleation and growth of styrene–methyl methacrylate copolymer/n

The foaming process involves three important steps: nucleation, bubble growth, and stability. In the present work, the foaming dynamics of styrene–methyl methacrylate (St-MMA) copolymer/n-pentane batch foaming system was studied at nonpressurized condition using rapid temperature increasing method. Synthesized copolymers with different compositions were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and rheological measurements. An in situ foaming observation apparatus was designed, and the foaming dynamics (nucleation and bubble growth behavior) was studied. Dissolved n-pentane contents in all synthesized copolymer compositions at saturation temperatures, near their glass transition temperatures, were determined. The effects of foaming temperature, copolymer composition, and n-pentane content on the foaming dynamics of St-MMA copolymer/n-pentane system were investigated. The foaming results revealed that the nucleation rate was increased with the increasing foaming temperature, while two other aforementioned parameters were kept constant. The nucleation and bubble growth rate were decreased with increasing MMA units in copolymer composition and increased with dissolved n-pentane content increment in copolymer matrix