A latent profile analysis of repetitive negative thinking: Distinguishing ruminators from worriers

Rumination (negative thinking about the past) and worry (anxious apprehension) are two forms of repetitive thinking associated with psychopathology. Prior research indicates that rumination and worry have both distinct and overlapping features, but the extent to which there are separable groups of individuals who engage in rumination, worry, or both has yet to be examined. We used latent profile analysis, a person-centered statistical technique, to examine profiles of repetitive thinkers in two samples (ns = 635 and 755). In both studies, profiles emerged of individuals who rarely ruminate or worry (low repetitive thinkers), individuals who primarily ruminate (ruminators), individuals who primarily worry (worriers), and individuals who frequently ruminate and worry (high repetitive thinkers). In Study 2, a fifth profile of average repetitive thinkers also emerged. Across both samples, high repetitive thinkers showed the highest levels of depression and anxiety symptoms, followed by worriers and ruminators, and then by low repetitive thinkers. In Study 2, the average repetitive thinkers fell below the ruminators and worriers but above the low repetitive thinkers. Thus, there are distinct groups of ruminators and worriers, but individuals who engage in both rumination and worry exhibit the worst outcomes. As such, these findings support adopting a person-centered approach to better understand repetitive thinking styles