The effect of ball temperature on ball speed and carry distance in golf drives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ball temperature on impact ball speed and carry distance during golf drives in a blind randomized test design. The balls were exposed to a temperature-controlled environment (4？°C, 18？°C, 32？°C, and 46？°C) for 24？h prior to the test and each temperature group consisted of 30 balls. The 120 drives were performed by an elite male golfer (handicap: 0.0) in an indoor driving range. All drives were measured by a Doppler-radar system to determine the club-head speed, launch angle, spin rate, ball speed, and carry distance. Differences between the groups were investigated using a one-way analysis of variance. The results indicated that ball-speed and carry-distance differences occurred within the four groups (p？<？0.001 and p？<？0.01, respectively). The post hoc analyses showed that the ball temperatures of 18？°C and 32？°C had greater ball speeds and carry distances than balls at 4？°C and 46？°C (all p？<？0.05). The intervals for the between-group differences were 0.6–0.7？m？s？1 and 2.9–3.9？m for ball speed and carry distance, respectively. Hence, the results showed that ball temperature influences both the ball speed and the carry distance. Based on the findings in this study, standardization of ball temperature should be factored into governing body regulation tests for golf equipment