Case formulation in persistent pain in children and adolescents: The application of the nonlinear dynamic systems perspective

Recent empirical evidence demonstrates both insecure attachment and atypical sensory modulation patterns are associated with impaired function for children/adolescents with persistent pain. An integrating framework is required to translate this knowledge into clinical practice. Case studies demonstrate how the nonlinear dynamic systems perspective can assist occupational therapists to (1) understand how sensory modulation and attachment systems contribute to pain, distress, and functioning for children/adolescents with persistent pain, and (2) identify processes supporting adaptive occupational patterns. Application of nonlinear dynamic systems theory can inform clinical formulation for children/adolescents with persistent pain