An ecosystem-based management research partnership between the Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology and Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, specifically with the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve and, later, the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, provides a case study to analyze integration of scientific research into management plans through collaborative communications. Ecosystem-based management seeks input from disparate stakeholders and requires effective communication systems for the public, science, and management partners that bypass differences in organizational culture and communication styles. Here, we examine a successful partnership within the framework of ecosystem-based management to survey and evaluate cultural differences, understand what facilitates collaborative communication, highlight factors that impede a successful partnership, and identify areas for improvement. Effective communication has been achieved through an analysis of the organizations cultures and structures to better define communication links. Although specific differences were noted in organization and style, successful integration was accomplished through techniques such as the development of symposia and semiannual reports. This paper will explore the organizational culture analysis and structure evaluation, which are components of a larger study. This science management integration project is an example of how organizational analysis can lead to recommendations for improved communication and integration of science and management. 1. Introduction Single-species management has often failed to deal with the multitude of issues associated with complex, isolated, and large ecosystems. To address this, ecosystem-based management (EBM) has emerged, which uses a holistic perspective to focus protection on a large area as opposed to specific species. Marine EBM has now been broadly accepted in policy, science, and management as crucial for effective marine conservation and resource preservation [1–5]. A key component to successful EBM programs is the integration of science into the management process. Since EBM has grown at such a rapid pace, it is necessary to ensure that the practices of science and management work together. This is often a challenge because each operates by and responds to different mandates, time scales, and authorities. The science-policy continuum can be improved through practical management strategies that are capable of incorporating policy-relevant research [6]. EBM relies heavily on scientific inquiry for an
References
[1]
K. L. McLeod, J. Lubchenco, S. R. Palumbi, and A. A. Rosenberg, “Communication partnership for science and the sea scientific consensus statement on marine ecosystem-based management,” 2005, http://www.compassonline.org/.
[2]
S. R. Palumbi, Marine Reserves: A Tool for Ecosystem Management and Conservation, Pew Ocean Commissions, Arlington, Va, USA, 2002.
[3]
U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, An ocean blueprint for the 21st century, U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, Washington, DC, USA, 2002, Final Report.
[4]
H. M. Leslie and K. L. McLeod, “Confronting the challenges of implementing marine ecosystem-based management,” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 540–548, 2007.
[5]
The White House Council on Environmental Quality, “Final Recommendations of the Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force,” July 2010, http://www.whitehouse.gov/files/documents/OPTF_FinalRecs.pdf.
[6]
E. A. Graffy, “Meeting the challenges of policy-relevant science: bridging theory and practice,” Public Administration Review, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 1087–1100, 2008.
[7]
A. T. Bielak, A. Campbell, S. Pope, K. Schaefer, and L. Shaxson, “From science communication to knowledge brokering: the shift from science push to policy pull,” in Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, D. Cheng, M. Claessens, N. R. Gascoigne, J. Metcalfe, B. Schiele, and S. Shi, Eds., pp. 201–226, Springer, London, UK, 2008.
[8]
B. B. Bingham, R. E. Bennetts, and A. Hubbard, “Integrating science and management: the road to Rico-Chico,” The George Wright Society, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 21–25, 2007.
[9]
M. T. Barbour, N. L. Poff, R. H. Norris, and J. D. Allan, “Perspective: communicating our science to influence public policy,” Journal of the North American Benthological Society, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 562–569, 2008.
[10]
D. W. Cash and S. C. Moser, “Linking global and local scales: designing dynamic assessment and management processes,” Global Environmental Change, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 109–120, 2000.
[11]
J. Endter-Wada, D. Blahna, R. Krannich, and M. Brunson, “A framework for understanding social science contributions to ecosystem management,” Ecological Applications, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 891–904, 1998.
[12]
P. Quevauviller, P. Balabanis, and P. Balabanis, “Science-policy integration needs in support of the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive,” Environmental Science and Policy, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 203–211, 2005.
[13]
J. Taussik and Y. Gilbert, “Communication in coastal management: scientists and managers,” in Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of the EUROCOAST & EUCC – The Coastal Union (Littoral '02), pp. 3–13, Porto: Portugal, September 2002.
[14]
L. Morgan, W. Chandler, E. Douce, S. Brooke, J. Guinotte, and S. Myhre, “Research priorities for the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument,” Research report by the Marine Conservation Biology Institute (MCBI), 2010, http://www.mcbi.org/publications/publications.htm.
[15]
L. K. Bergen and M. H. Carr, “Establishing marine reserves: How can science best inform policy?” Environment, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 8–19, 2003.
[16]
NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, “Roadmap for the Future: A Plan for Developing CRCP Direction Through 2015,” July 2008, http://coralreef.noaa.gov/aboutcrcp/strategy/reprioritization/roadmap/resources/crcproadmap.pdf.
[17]
M. T. Imperial, “Institutional analysis and ecosystem-based management: the institutional analysis and development framework,” Environmental Management, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 449–465, 1999.
[18]
R. Lamberts and S. Stocklmayer, “Science communication for scientists: experiences from Australia,” in Public Communication of Science and Technology Working Symposium, Beijing, China, 2005.
[19]
D. Luttenberg and D. Scavia, “Scientific input to coastal management and policy: three models of communication,” in Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of the Coastal Society, pp. 9–16, NOAA Coastal Ocean Program, Williamsburg, Va, USA, 1998.
[20]
R. N. Clark, E. E. Meidinger, G. Miller, et al., “Integrating science and policy in natural resource management: lessons and opportunities from North America,” Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-441, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Ore, USA, 1998.
[21]
H. P. Peters, H. Heinrichs, A. Jung, et al., “Medialization of science and political relevance,” in Communicating Science in Social Contexts: New Models, New Practices, D. Cheng, M. Claessens, N. R. Gascoigne, J. Metcalfe, B. Schiele, and S. Shi, Eds., pp. 71–92, Springer, London, UK, 2008.
[22]
D. Carbaugh, “Naturalizing communication and culture,” in The Symbolic Earth: Discourse and our Creation of the Environment, J. Cantrill and C. Oravec, Eds., pp. 38–57, University of Kentucky Press, Lexingtion, Ky, USA, 1996.
[23]
L. Smircich, “Concepts of culture and organizational analysis,” Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 339–358, 1983.
[24]
S. Cartwright and C. Cooper, “The role of cultural compatibility in successful organizational marriage,” Academy of Management Executive, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 57–70, 1993.
[25]
C. McNamara, Field Guide to Consulting and Organizational Development, Authenticity Consulting, LLC, Minneapolis, Minn, USA, 1998.
[26]
L. LaFrance and J. N. Kittinger, “Governing large-scale marine protected areas: protection of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands,” in Proceedings of the International Marine Conservation Congress, George Madison University, Fairfax, Va, USA, 2010, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p296249_index.html.
[27]
R. Toonen, J. Leong, and C. Wiener, Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology semi-annual report XII, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 2010.
[28]
P. F. Drucker, People and Performance: The Best of Peter Drucker on Management, Harper's College Press, New York, NY, USA, 1977.
[29]
M. Harris and A. Raviv, “Organization design,” Management Science, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 852–865, 2002.
