In vitro and in vivo models for the study of urolithiasis

Preclinical animal research has greatly contributed and will continue to contribute in our understanding of various disease states and provided methods for more understanding of disease states and designs to test novel pharmaco-therapeutic interventions against these diseases. For urolithiasis, scientists have developed numerous in vitro and in vivo models that attempt to replicate human urolithiasis. In this review, I have explained in vitro and in vivo models that are more common, affordable, and easy to replicate. In the in vitro models, I have focused on the CaOx crystallization models and in the in vivo models, hyperoxaluric rat model has been explained along with other available option such as Knockout (KO) mice and fly models. Each model has been explained stepwise along with its pros and cons