美国荒野风景河流体系发展阶段及其主要影响因素

荒野风景河流体系是针对河流生态系统的美国联邦层面保护地类型, 也是世界上建立最早的河流保护地体 系。采用文献分析和半结构式访谈等方式, 以标志性事件为界点, 对荒野风景河流的发展过程进行阶段划分, 总结 各阶段取得的重要成就, 分析影响其发展的主要因素。研究表明: 荒野风景河流体系发展历程可分为筹备建设、体 系完善、平稳发展三个阶段, 三个阶段平均增速分别为 71 3、61 0、31 3 段/ 年。在筹备阶段, 提出河流保护地概念, 颁 布荒野风景河流法案; 在体系完善期间, 进一步修订荒野风景河流法案、完善荒野风景河流管理机制; 在平稳发展期 间, 联邦机构的治理措施逐步完善。从发展历程来看, 荒野保护是荒野风景河流体系产生的思想根源, 满足游憩是 荒野风景河流体系产生的民众需求, 反坝运动是荒野风景河流体系的促成手段, 政府治理是荒野风景河流体系完善 的主要方面。河流保护主义者的推动, 联邦政府党派交替的钳制, 河流保护和经济发展之间的博弈, 沿河土地权属 的制约是影响荒野风景河流体系发展的主要因素。 Wild and Scenic Rivers Sy stem ( WSRS) is an important pr otected a rea system on the feder al level of the United St at es, and the earliest river pro tected area in the w orld. Based o n literat ur e and inter view s, the hist ory of WSRS dev elopment is div ided into three phases by landma rk events. The gr eat achievements during each stag e ar e summarized and the main influen2 cing factors ar e analy zed. The results show that the develo pment of WSRS can be div ided into thr ee stages: pr epar atio n st age, re2 finement stage, and smoot h develo pment stage. T he aver age g row th rates during the thr ee stag es are 7. 3, 6. 0 and 3. 3 seg2 ments/ y ea r. During the preparation stag e, the concept of river pr otected area was put fo rw ard and the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act ( WSRA) w as promulgated. During the refinement stag e, WSRA w as revised further, and the manag ement mechanism w as improv ed. During the smo oth development stage, the treatment measures of t he feder al agencies tow ards WSRS w ere further im2 pro ved. Judg ing fr om the w hole develo pment pro cess, the ideo lo gy of w ildness prot ection is where the WSRS orig inates; the public needs of r ecreatio n is the public fo undat ion for WSRS; the anti2dam mo vement pushed the development of WSRS; and the gov ernance w as the main aspect fo r impro vement in t he WSRS. The main facto rs af fecting the development of WSRS include the push by the river protectionists, inter act ions betw een the political parties of the feder al g ov ernment, balance between river pro2 tectio n and eco nomic dev elo pment, and restriction caused by land ownership alo ng the riv ers. 国家自然科学基金项目( 41761111; 41361107)