Trehalose enhances bone fracture healing in a rat sleep deprivation model

Sleep deprivation (SD) is a common problem. An increase number of adults experience SD in modern society (1). It is reported that approximately one-third of adults get less than 6.5 h of sleep per night (2). While, the American National Sleep Foundation suggests that the healthy grown-ups should sleep for 7–9 h/day. Similarly, many adolescents suffer from sleep problem because of stress or early school start time (3). SD may contribute to various kinds of disorders, such as diabetes (4), cardiovascular disease (5), circadian rhythm problems (6), and metabolic syndrome (7). Several studies have showed that SD may lead to decreased bone mineral density (BMD) (8-11). It has been reported that the individuals who sleep for 6 h or less have significantly lower BMD compared to the ones who sleep for 8 h (8). Similarly, other clinical surveys showed that patients with SD have lower BMD (9-11). An animal study showed that SD affects bone health by decreasing BMD and 25(OH)D (12). The study also demonstrated that SD affected BMD by decreasing osteogenesis and impairing mineralization of the newly formed bones