Immune checkpoint inhibitors for metastatic bladder cancer

Urothelial cancer of the bladder, renal pelvis, ureter and other urinary organs is the fourth most common cancer in males with more than 80,000 new cases expected and over 17,000 estimated deaths in the United States. The 5-year survival of patients with urothelial carcinoma (UC) varies according to the extension of the tumor, ranging from 70% in localized stages to 35% in tumours with close organs and/or lymph nodes involvement and decreases dramatically to 5% in metastatic stage (1)