Does caffeine intake and coffee consumption associate with endometrial cancer among postmenopausal women in America using NHANES 2003–2012?

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer in the United States (US). In 2016, it has been estimated that about 60,050 new cases of endometrial cancer will be diagnosed and about 10,470 women will die from it in the US. It is more common in women who are after menopause. Some endometrial cancer may be hardly found by signs and symptoms before reaching an advanced stage, and the 5-year survival rate for women with stage IV endometrial cancer is just around 16% (1). There are several known risk factors for endometrial cancer, such as obesity, insulin resistance, estrogen use after menopause, and decreased plasma sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) (2-6). Interestingly, cigarette smoking has been reported as a beneficial factor to endometrial cancer by some studies (7,8)