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-  2018 

The state of the art in the development of a panel of biomarkers for the early detection of lung cancer

DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.01.03

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Abstract:

Lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in the US, with 222,500 new cases diagnosed in 2017 (1,2). Furthermore, lung cancer is the leading cause of death in both men and women with cancer, accounting for 155,870 deaths in 2017 (1 in 4 cancer deaths) (1,2). The 5-year relative survival rate for lung cancer is 15% and 21% for men and women, respectively, and for only 16% of lung cancer patients diagnosed at a localized stage, the 5-year relative survival rate is 55% (2). Although screening with low-dose spiral computed tomography (LDCT) resulted in decreased lung cancer mortality, high-quality screening programs seem to be obligatory, particularly in current or former smokers (2). Autoantibodies are generated in patients with cancer due to antigen mutation, overexpression, or altered structure (3). Because autoantibodies exist several months to years before the emergence of any clinical signs, they can be used to determine cancer biomarkers and help in the early detection of cancers, such as lung cancer (4,5). In this regard, several studies have been conducted on patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which led to the identification of a group of autoantigens, such as annexins (I and II), c-myc, complement factor H, cyclin A, cyclin B1, cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1), mucin 1 (MUC1), cancer/testis antigen 1 (NY-ESO-1), p53, protein kinase C beta, protein kinase C delta type, protein-tyrosine kinase 2-beta, rho-associated protein kinase 1, and serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1, recognized by autoantibodies (3,6-12). Notably, four combined autoantibody biomarkers were also introduced for early detection of NSCLC, which identified a group of antigens, including hyaluronan mediated motility receptor, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcription 1, nucleolar and coiled-body phosphoprotein 1, and spermine oxidase (13)

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