Tracheal and bronchial stenoses and other obstructive conditions

Unlike subglottic stenosis, tracheal and bronchial stenoses are relatively rare in children and are generally congenital. Most pediatric tracheal stenosis manifests as complete tracheal rings (CTRs), with the absence of a membranous trachea extending for varying lengths of the airway. Other congenital malformations as well as acquired lesions are also encountered (1). Children with congenital tracheal or bronchial stenosis are frequently complex and can present with concurrent anomalies, including pulmonary artery sling, ventricular septal defects, lung hypoplasia, lung agenesis, and gastrointestinal defects (2,3)