Neonatal stromal cells from umbilical cord blood (CB) are promising alternatives to bone marrow- (BM-) derived multipotent stromal cells (MSCs). In comparison to BM-MSC, the less mature CB-derived stromal cells have been described as a cell population with higher differentiation and proliferation potential that might be of potential interest for clinical application in regenerative medicine. Recently, it has become clear that cord blood contains different stromal cell populations, and as of today, a clear distinction between unrestricted somatic stromal cells (USSCs) and CB-MSC has been established. This classification is based on the expression of DLK-1, HOX, and CD146, as well as functional examination of the adipogenic differentiation potential and the capacity to support haematopoiesis in vitro and in vivo. However, a marker enabling a prospective isolation of the rare cell populations directly out of cord blood is yet to be found. Further analysis may help to reveal even more subpopulations with different properties, which could be useful for the directed application of these cells in preclinical models. 1. Multipotent Stromal Cells (MSCs) In 1966, Friedenstein et al. described for the first time a population of fibroblastoid, bone marrow-derived cells with stem cell characteristics and a multipotential differentiation capacity [1]. These nonhaematopoietic, spindle-shaped cells, originally referred to as “colony forming unit fibroblasts” (CFU-Fs), had the potential for ectopic bone formation and differentiation towards the adipogenic and chondrogenic lineage [2]. In accordance with the observed differentiation potential, Caplan et al. proposed the term “mesenchymal stem cells” and the abbreviation MSC in 1991. Due to controversial discussion of the “true” mesenchymal or stem cell properties, MSC later has also been used as abbreviation for “mesenchymal stromal cell” or “multipotent stromal cell”. As of today, MSCs are still discussed as being true stem cells [3], mesenchymal stromal cells [4], multipotent skeletal progenitors [5], or related to pericytes [6]. Although a common progenitor has not yet been found, the expression of Stro-1, CD271, and CD146 is controversially discussed as potential candidates in aspect of prospective isolation [7–11]. Nevertheless, MSCs were successfully isolated from various tissues, such as bone marrow [1], cord blood [12], and adipose tissue [13]. There was no clear distinction between the different cell types, neither regarding their in vitro- nor their in vivo-differentiation potential. All of these cells were
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