The antipsychotic landscape: dopamine and beyond

Until recently, the actions of antipsychotic and pro-psychotic drugs have largely been evaluated in the framework of neuronal doctrine – namely, that neurons communicate by releasing transmitters, and that psychiatric disorders are caused by neurotransmitter imbalances. Moreover, the majority of studies have focused on single transmitter systems – neglecting the fact that in the nervous system, different transmitter systems work in concert and impact on not only their immediate receptors but also downstream pathways that shape structural plasticity. In this review, we discuss the history of understanding the antipsychotic and pro-psychotic actions of drugs, recent developments and future perspectives