Effects of light source and intensity on sexual maturation, growth and swimming behaviour of Atlantic salmon in sea cages

ABSTRACT: We investigated how highly efficient LED light sources may be used in Atlantic salmon cage farming. Specifically, we tested the incidence of sexual maturation and growth patterns in autumn sea-transferred Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. during their second sea winter given continuous artificial light (LL) (between 13 January and 18 June) of 5 different intensities using LED sources, compared to a single intensity provided by a metal halide (MH) source or a control treatment of natural light (NL). Growth effects were independent of light source, but increased with irradiance. We propose a model wherein sufficiently high irradiance from the artificial light source will give a long day signal throughout late winter and spring, an intermediate irradiation will give a long day signal until it is outcompeted by the seasonal increase in natural light, and an irradiance that is always below the threshold will not be perceived as different from natural light. Sexual maturation in males (6.1% under NL) was evenly arrested at all intensities, and swimming activity at night increased during winter in lit groups. We conclude that LED lamps may replace MH sources at similar intensity. Reducing the light irradiance of the superimposed light reduced the growth-stimulating effect, but all irradiances reduced the incidence of sexual maturation.