权力结构失衡视角下的个人信息保护机制研究 ——以信息属性的变迁为出发点
Research on Personal Information Protection Mechanism from the Perspective of Power Structure Imbalance—— Taking the Changes of Information Attributes as the Starting Point

摘要 本文以信息属性的变化为出发点，指出数字经济时代个人信息的多重属性使得个人信息具有多个权利主体，而各主体之间的权力结构是失衡的。造成多元主体间权力失衡的原因在于，在个人信息问题上，不仅“私权力”有了双重角色，公权力也有 了双重角色，都既是监管者又是利用者。这也使得个人在三方权力结构中处于弱势地 位。随着“数字政府”已经成为现代政府的基本标志之一，公权力给个人信息带来的 风险也会增加，这有可能导致围绕个人信息的权力结构更加失衡。而传统的私权保护 制度和限制公权的机制在个人信息问题上都难以使三方权力结构重归平衡。在私权保 护制度受到挑战、不足以为个体提供有效保护的背景下，需要立法以新的形式使技术 为个人“赋能”，使个人成为权力结构中有力的行动者，而不是无力的被保护者。只 有个体对其个人信息具有真实的、动态的知情权和控制力，才能有效监督公私权力的 数据行为，进而实现权力结构的平衡。
Taking the change of information attribute as the starting point, this paper points out that the multiple attributes of personal information in the era of the digital economy make personal information have multiple rights subjects, and the power structure among the subjects is unbalanced. The reason for the imbalance of power among multiple subjects lies in the dual role of “private power” and public power, both of which are managers and users of personal information, which makes individuals in a weak position in the tripartite power structure. As “digital government” has become one of the basic symbols of modern government, the risks brought by public power to personal information will also increase, which may lead to more unbalanced power structure on personal information. However, the traditional protection system for private right and the approaches of restricting public power are diffcult to maintain the balance among the three parties. At last, this paper points out that the legislation on personal information should regain the balance of power structure which was broken by information technology. Under the background that the protection system of private rights is challenged and insuffcient to protect individuals, it is necessary for legislation to empower individuals in a new form and make them become powerful actors in the power structure, instead of passive subjects need others’ protection. Only when individuals have real and dynamic rights to know and control over their information can they effectively supervise the data behavior of public and private power and realize the balance of power structure