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-  2018 

Haematuria in the Elderly: A Review - Haematuria in the Elderly: A Review - Open Access Pub

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Abstract:

Haematuria is a common compliant in the elderly. Microscopic haematuria is first suspected after a dipstick in urine and confirmed with urine microscopy. The causes of haematuria in the elderly may be renal or extra-renal including clotting disorders. This article is a review on haematuria in the elderly. DOI10.14302/issn.2474-7785.jarh-19-2932 Aging is a physiological process that causes changes in many organs in the body including the kidneys with subsequent structural and functional changes. For these reasons the elderly are more likely to develop kidney diseases that may present with haematuria1. Haematuria is the presence of red blood cells in urine2 and it is a common symptom of patients in primary care practice3. It may be the only symptom of a disease condition or there may be other associated symptoms4. Haematuria in the elderly is a sign of an underlying disease which may be benign or malignant5. The definitive diagnosis of haematuria is made following microscopic examination of the urine except where the haematuria is visible to the naked eyes. There are various definitions for haematuria. Haematuria may be a symptom of urinary tract infection and it may be macroscopic or microscopic. Taking regular doses of aspirin could be a potential cause of microscopic haematuria in the elderly. The prevalence of microscopic haematuria in a study by Moudi et al was 27.27% in regular users of aspirin6. The prevalence of microscopic haematuria in this study was significantly higher among the regular users of aspirin compared to non-users. Types of Haematuria in the Elderly The types of haematuria in the elderly are the same as haematuria in the general population. There are basically two types of haematuria namely: 1. Gross or Macroscopic Haematuria: The haematuria is visible to the naked eyes in macroscopic haematuria. 2. Microscopic Haematuria: This is when the haematuria is not visible to the naked eyes. There are various definitions for making a diagnosis of microscopic haematuria from different authorities. The American Urological Association defines microscopic haematuria as three or more red blood cells per high power field (HPF) on microscopic analysis of two or three properly collected urine specimens4,5, the Canadian Urological Association (CUA) defines it as greater than two red blood cells per high power field (RBC/HPF) on two separate urinalysis in the absence of exercise, menses, sexual activity or instrumentation4. The initial suspicion for microscopic haematuria is made by using a dipstick. It is the confirmed with microscopy of the urine7.

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