Waste Clay For Biodiesel Through Base Catalyzed Transesterification of Residual Cotton Seed Oil. - Waste Clay For Biodiesel Through Base Catalyzed Transesterification of Residual Cotton Seed Oil. - Open Access Pub

After processing of cotton seed oil (CSO) the activated bleaching clay (ABC) is converted to low valued waste bleaching clay (WBC). The chemical composition of ABC from Mirpur, Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan is found out as; SiO2 71.34, Al2O3 15.54, CaO 2.72, MgO 1.48, Na2O 0.51, K2O 0.23, Fe2O3 0.02. The clay has bleachability (74 %) and oil retention (32.70 %) by standard method (ASTM). The cotton seed oil recovered (CSOR) with polar/nonpolar solvents (31.1-36.3 %) have different FFA values (0.2-0.85). However, lower percentage of tri-esters (88 %) was found out in dark coloured CSOR as compare to freshly n-hexane extracted CSO (92.5 %) from edible oil refinery. The lower FFA (0.2) valued CSOR with n-hexane is transesterified at optimized conditions to mono alkyl esters (CSOR-FAME). The reaction was optimised by performing series of experiments to observe molar conc., of methanol-oil (3-18:1), catalysts; NaOH, NaOCH3, KOH, KOCH3- oil (0.25-1.5), temperature (20-80°C), reflux time (120 min) and mixing intensity (200-650 rpm). The maximum yield of biodiesel (98.5 %) has been found out by NaOCH3 (1.00 %) as catalyst, methanol-oil (6:1) at temperature (65°C) and stirring intensity (650 rpm). The properties of CSOR-FAME (biodiesel) are also under limits as per standards; ASTM 6751, EN 14214 and WBC/ CSOR-FAME appear to be an acceptable feedstock for fatty acids/biodiesel production as renewable fuel. DOI10.14302/issn.2642-3146.jec-13-292 The utilization of waste materials and byproducts is very important to fulfill demands of quality products and to substitute depleting resources of the world. The hydrocarbons of fossils being conventional source of fuels are continuously decreasing; the fluctuating mineral oil prices and environmental impacts have intensified the search for alternate fuels. Biodiesel is defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats 1, biofuels has attracted a great deal of interest during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic and eco-friendly clean fuel. Biodiesel is found to be the best substitute of petro-diesel fuel not only for its comparable calorific value but also for its several other advantages such as biodegradability, low toxic emission, higher flash point, excellent lubricity, carbon neutral, & environmentally acceptance fuel 2. The oils/fats are found to be the best candidates as an alternate and ecofriendly energy source. Oils/fats are not only used for edible purposes but varieties of industrial products are also developed from this commodity. However, the use of edible sources comes