Optimization of deep mixing design for seismic liquefaction mitigation of Caisson walls

Abstract Gravity caisson wall is a common waterfront construction that were severely damaged by soil liquefaction in previous earthquakes. The deep mixing method is regarded as effective in liquefaction remediation. Meanwhile, an easily-executable remedial design procedure of using the deep mixing method for caisson walls exposed to seismic liquefaction risk has not been well developed for routine constructions. To solve the issue by following the philosophy of the Performance-Based Design method, the deep mixing method is examined within a framework of a well-calibrated case history to provide hypothetical mitigation to a damaged caisson wall to reach the acceptable level under the identical cyclic loadings as recorded in the case history. The study is divided into two steps: (1) a case history of damaged caisson wall by seismic-induced soil liquefaction was verified; (2) the deep mixing method is hypothetically applied to the caisson wall before the occurrence of earthquake, and the remedial design is optimized based on the improved wall structure deformation under seismic loading. The remedial design including the locations and configurations of deep mixing elements are optimized. Insights and recommendations on the establishment of liquefaction mitigation design and optimization process for caisson quay walls are provided to the practice