Gap-Filling of MODIS Fractional Snow Cover Products via Non-Local Spatio-Temporal Filtering Based on Machine Learning Techniques

Cloud obscuration leaves significant gaps in MODIS snow cover products. In this study, an innovative gap-filling method based on the concept of non-local spatio-temporal filtering (NSTF) is proposed to reconstruct the cloud gaps in MODIS fractional snow cover (SCF) products. The ground information of a gap pixel was estimated by using the appropriate similar pixels in the remaining known part of an image via an automatic machine learning technique. We take the MODIS SCF product cloud gap filling data from 2001 to 2016 in Northern Xinjiang, China as an example. The results demonstrate that the methodology can generate almost continuous spatio-temporal, daily MODIS SCF images, and it leaves only 0.52% of cloud gaps long-term, on average. The validation results based on “cloud assumption” exhibit high accuracy, with a higher R 2 exceeding 0.8, a lower RMSE of 0.1, an overestimated error of 1.13%, an underestimated error of 1.4%, and a spatial efficiency ( SPAEF) of 0.78. The validation based on 50 in situ snow depth observations demonstrates the superiority of the methodology in terms of accuracy and consistency. The overall accuracy is 93.72%. The average omission and commission error have increased approximately 1.16 and 0.53% compared with the original MODIS SCF products under a clear sky term. View Full-Tex