Reconstruction of composite defects of the scalp and neurocranium—a treatment algorithm from local flaps to combined AV loop free flap reconstruction

Preoperative imaging. CT angiography imaging with 3D reconstruction (a). Digital subtraction angiography of the head and neck vessels (b). Intraoperative fluorescence angiography using the SPY Elite Imaging System demonstrating excellent flap perfusion and the superficial temporal vessels (c