Achievement motivation modulates Pavlovian aversive conditioning to goal-relevant stimuli

Illustration of the spatial cueing task used in the experiment. a In valid trials, the target appeared at the same location as the cue. b In invalid trials, the target appeared at the opposite location as the cue. The cues were geometric figures, which systematically predicted target location at the same (goal-relevant valid) or the opposite (goal-relevant invalid) location, or were nonpredictive of target location (goal-irrelevant). Participants were requested to detect the target orientation (horizontal vs. vertical