Neurons in Primary Motor Cortex Encode Hand Orientation in a Reach-to-Grasp Task

Experimental apparatus and sequence of events in the reach-to-grasp task. A The experimental apparatus included a central light, a central holding pad, two target lights, and two target objects at three orientations (45°, 90°, 135°). The target orientation definition is indicated. B The sequence of events and the trial epochs for the reach-to-grasp task in a typical successful trial. CHT center holding time, CRT cue reaction time, MT movement time, THT target holding time