Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) knockout abolishes oral cancer development through reciprocal regulation of the MAP kinase and TGF-β signaling pathways

a Western blotting was performed with epidermal tissues isolated from Grhl2 WT and Grhl2 KO mice for GRHL2 and various target proteins, e.g., PCNA, p63, K14, and Sox2, as well as TGF-β and p-Smad3. b Western blotting signals were quantitated by densitometric analysis and plotted with the mean values for Grhl2 WT and KO mice groups. Bar indicates mean/SD, *P？<？0.05. c Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed with total RNAs isolated from Grhl2 WT, Grhl2 heterozygote (±) and Grhl2 KO mouse epidermis. Data were derived from three independent experiments and qRT-PCR assays were performed in triplicates. d IFS was performed for GRHL2 and E-Cad in skin epithelia of Grhl2 WT and KO mice. e IFS signals were quantitated and plotted with the mean values for Grhl2 WT and KO mice groups. f qRT-PCR was performed with tongue epithelium harvested from Grhl2 WT mice (n？=？3) and Grhl2 KO mice (n？=？3) for various markers of mesenchyme, e.g., N-Cad, α-SMA, ZEB1, and ZEB2. Bar indicates mean/SD. *P？<？0.05, statistical significance, compared with WT mic